VI. On some foraminifera from the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans, including Davis Straits and Baffin's Bay

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London ◽

10.1098/rstl.1865.0006 ◽

1865 ◽

Vol 155 ◽

pp. 325-441 ◽

Cited By ~ 88

Keyword(s):

North Atlantic ◽

Deep Sea ◽

The Arctic ◽

The North ◽

Large Size ◽

The North Atlantic ◽

North Latitude ◽

At Home

1. From Baffin’s Bay, between 76° 30' and 74° 45' North Latitude. These specimens are derived from seven deep-sea soundings made during one of the Arctic Expeditions under Sir Edward Parry. These soundings were confided to us by Professor Huxley, of the Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyn Street, to which Institution they had been given in April 1853 by Mr. J. W. Lowry, who received them of Mr. Fisher, Assistant-Surgeon in the Expedition alluded to. The Foraminifera obtained by us from these soundings are tabulated in Tables I., IV., and VII. This material from the “Arctic Province” of Naturalists is but scanty. None of the Foraminifera here obtained are numerous, except Polystomella striatopunctata , Nonionina Scwpha , Truncatulina lobatu , and Cassidulina lœvigata ; the first two of which are at home in Arctic waters : and none have attained here a large size except lituolœ . The material from 150 fathoms yielded these relatively large and numerous specimens.

Download Full-text

XXV. Report on the physical investigations carried on by P. Herbert Carpenter, B. A., in H. M. S. 'Valorous' during her return voyage from Disco Island in August 1875

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London ◽

10.1098/rspl.1876.0044 ◽

1877 ◽

Vol 25 (171-178) ◽

pp. 230-237 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Keyword(s):

North Atlantic ◽

Deep Sea ◽

Royal Society ◽

The Arctic ◽

The North ◽

The North Atlantic

The despatch of H. M. S. ‘Valorous’ to Disco Island, in the summer of 1875, with stores for the use of the Arctic Discovery Ships, having afforded an opportunity for the prosecution of a Deep-Sea Physical and Biological Exploration of the North Atlantic and Baffin’s Bay, which should be complementary to the work elsewhere carried on by the ‘Challenger,’ a suggestion for the prosecution of this inquiry on the return voyage of the ‘Valorous’ was made by the Council of the Royal Society, and approved by the Admiralty. Dr. Gwyn Jeffreys having undertaken the general charge of the work, named as his assistant my Son, Mr. P. Herbert Carpenter, who had accompanied me in the ‘Lightning’ and ‘Porcupine’ Expeditions; and it was arranged that, while aiding Dr. Jeffreys in the Biological work, he should take special charge of the Physical. A grant from the Donation Fund having been made to Dr. Jeffreys and myself for the expenses of the inquiry, I endeavoured to make such provision for the conduct of the Physical observations as should render them capable of accurate correlation with those of the ‘Challenger.’ With this view, I obtained two water-bottles, on the construction devised by Mr. Buchanan (the Physicist of the ‘Challenger’), from Messrs. Milne, of Edinburgh, by whom they had been supplied to him; and also two Hydrometers, on Mr. Buchanan’s construction, from Messrs. Kemp, who had previously made them under Mr. B.’s direction.

Download Full-text

Change in the North Atlantic circulation associated with the mid-Pleistocene transition

Climate of the Past ◽

10.5194/cp-14-1639-2018 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 14 (11) ◽

pp. 1639-1651 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Gloria M. Martin-Garcia ◽

Francisco J. Sierro ◽

José A. Flores ◽

Fátima Abrantes

Keyword(s):

North Atlantic ◽

Major Change ◽

Water Masses ◽

Meridional Overturning Circulation ◽

The Arctic ◽

North Atlantic Current ◽

The North ◽

Oceanic Fronts ◽

Surface Circulation ◽

The North Atlantic

Abstract. The southwestern Iberian margin is highly sensitive to changes in the distribution of North Atlantic currents and to the position of oceanic fronts. In this work, the evolution of oceanographic parameters from 812 to 530 ka (MIS20–MIS14) is studied based on the analysis of planktonic foraminifer assemblages from site IODP-U1385 (37∘34.285′ N, 10∘7.562′ W; 2585 m b.s.l.). By comparing the obtained results with published records from other North Atlantic sites between 41 and 55∘ N, basin-wide paleoceanographic conditions are reconstructed. Variations of assemblages dwelling in different water masses indicate a major change in the general North Atlantic circulation during MIS16, coinciding with the definite establishment of the 100 ky cyclicity associated with the mid-Pleistocene transition. At the surface, this change consisted in the redistribution of water masses, with the subsequent thermal variation, and occurred linked to the northwestward migration of the Arctic Front (AF), and the increase in the North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) formation with respect to previous glacials. During glacials prior to MIS16, the NADW formation was very weak, which drastically slowed down the surface circulation; the AF was at a southerly position and the North Atlantic Current (NAC) diverted southeastwards, developing steep south–north, and east–west, thermal gradients and blocking the arrival of warm water, with associated moisture, to high latitudes. During MIS16, the increase in the meridional overturning circulation, in combination with the northwestward AF shift, allowed the arrival of the NAC to subpolar latitudes, multiplying the moisture availability for ice-sheet growth, which could have worked as a positive feedback to prolong the glacials towards 100 ky cycles.

Download Full-text

Meridional Tripole Mode of Winter Precipitation over the Arctic and Continental North Africa–Eurasia

Journal of Climate ◽

10.1175/jcli-d-21-0212.1 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Xiaolin Liu ◽

Jianhua Lu ◽

Yimin Liu ◽

Guoxiong Wu

Keyword(s):

Time Series ◽

North Africa ◽

North Atlantic ◽

Hadley Cell ◽

The Arctic ◽

Positive Phase ◽

The North ◽

Ferrel Cell ◽

The North Atlantic ◽

Westerly Jets

AbstractWintertime precipitation is vital to the growth of glaciers in the northern hemisphere. We find a tripole mode of precipitation (PTM), with each pole of the mode extending zonally over the eastern hemisphere roughly between 30°W and 120°E, and the positive/negative/positive structure for its positive phase extending meridionally from the Arctic to the continental North Africa–Eurasia. The large-scale dynamics associated with the PTM is explored. The positive phase of the PTM is associated with the negative while eastward-shifted phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and a zonal band of positive SST anomaly in the tropics, together with a narrowed Hadley cell and weakened Ferrel cell. While being north-eastward tilted and separated from their North Africa-Eurasia counterpart in the climatological mean, the upper-tropospheric westerly jets over the east Pacific and north Atlantic become extending zonally and shifting southward and hence form a circumpolar subtropical jet as a whole by connecting with the westerly jets over the North Africa-Eurasia. The enhanced zonal winds over the north Atlantic promote more synoptic-scale transient eddies which are waveguided by the jet streams. The polar vortex weakens and cold air dips southward from the North Pole. Further diagnosis of the E-vectors suggests that transient eddies have a positive feedback on the weakening of Ferrel cell. Opposite features are associated with the negative phase of the PTM. The reconstructed time series using multiple linear regression on the NAO index and the tropical SST averaged over 20°S– 20°N, can explain 62.4% of the variance of the original the original precipitation time series.

Download Full-text

X. NATO and the Challenge in the North Atlantic and the Arctic

Whitehall Papers ◽

10.1080/02681307.2018.1508970 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 93 (1) ◽

pp. 121-128 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

James G Foggo ◽

Alarik Fritz

Keyword(s):

North Atlantic ◽

The Arctic ◽

The North ◽

The North Atlantic

Download Full-text

Effect of gas-transfer-velocity parameterization choice on CO<sub>2</sub> air–sea fluxes in the North Atlantic and European Arctic

Ocean Science Discussions ◽

10.5194/osd-12-2591-2015 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 12 (6) ◽

pp. 2591-2616

Author(s):

I. Wróbel ◽

J. Piskozub

Keyword(s):

North Atlantic ◽

World Ocean ◽

Software Tool ◽

The Arctic ◽

Gas Transfer ◽

Transfer Velocity ◽

Gas Transfer Velocity ◽

The North ◽

European Arctic ◽

The North Atlantic

Abstract. The ocean sink is an important part of the anthropogenic CO2 budget. Because the terrestrial biosphere is usually treated as a residual, understanding the uncertainties the net flux into the ocean sink is crucial for understanding the global carbon cycle. One of the sources of uncertainty is the parameterization of CO2 gas transfer velocity. We used a recently developed software tool, FluxEngine, to calculate monthly net carbon air–sea flux for the extratropical North Atlantic, European Arctic as well as global values (or comparison) using several available parameterizations of gas transfer velocity of different dependence of wind speed, both quadratic and cubic. The aim of the study is to constrain the uncertainty caused by the choice of parameterization in the North Atlantic, a large sink of CO2 and a region with good measurement coverage, characterized by strong winds. We show that this uncertainty is smaller in the North Atlantic and in the Arctic than globally, within 5 % in the North Atlantic and 4 % in the European Arctic, comparing to 9 % for the World Ocean when restricted to functions with quadratic wind dependence and respectively 42, 40 and 67 % for all studied parameterizations. We propose an explanation of this smaller uncertainty due to the combination of higher than global average wind speeds in the North Atlantic and lack of seasonal changes in the flux direction in most of the region. We also compare the available pCO2 climatologies (Takahashi and SOCAT) pCO2 discrepancy in annual flux values of 8 % in the North Atlantic and 19 % in the European Arctic. The seasonal flux changes in the Arctic have inverse seasonal change in both climatologies, caused most probably by insufficient data coverage, especially in winter.

Download Full-text

Carbon cycling in the Arctic Archipelago: the export of Pacific carbon to the North Atlantic

Biogeosciences Discussions ◽

10.5194/bgd-6-971-2009 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 971-994 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

E. H. Shadwick ◽

T. Papakyriakou ◽

A. E. F. Prowe ◽

D. Leong ◽

S. A. Moore ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Arctic Ocean ◽

North Atlantic ◽

Barents Sea ◽

Hydrological Cycle ◽

Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽

The Arctic ◽

Co2 Uptake ◽

The North ◽

The Arctic Ocean ◽

The North Atlantic

Abstract. The Arctic Ocean is expected to be disproportionately sensitive to climatic changes, and is thought to be an area where such changes might be detected. The Arctic hydrological cycle is influenced by: runoff and precipitation, sea ice formation/melting, and the inflow of saline waters from Bering and Fram Straits and the Barents Sea Shelf. Pacific water is recognizable as intermediate salinity water, with high concentrations of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), flowing from the Arctic Ocean to the North Atlantic via the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. We present DIC data from an east-west section through the Archipelago, as part of the Canadian International Polar Year initiatives. The fractions of Pacific and Arctic Ocean waters leaving the Archipelago and entering Baffin Bay, and subsequently the North Atlantic, are computed. The eastward transport of carbon from the Pacific, via the Arctic, to the North Atlantic is estimated. Altered mixing ratios of Pacific and freshwater in the Arctic Ocean have been recorded in recent decades. Any climatically driven alterations in the composition of waters leaving the Arctic Archipelago may have implications for anthropogenic CO2 uptake, and hence ocean acidification, in the subpolar and temperate North Atlantic.

Download Full-text

Modeling the climatic implications of the Guliya δ<sup>18</sup>O record during the past 130 ka

Climate of the Past Discussions ◽

10.5194/cpd-8-1885-2012 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 1885-1914

Author(s):

D. Xiao ◽

P. Zhao ◽

Y. Wang ◽

X. Zhou

Keyword(s):

North Atlantic ◽

Climate Model ◽

Surface Air Temperature ◽

Late Summer ◽

The Arctic ◽

The Past ◽

The North ◽

Precession Cycle ◽

The North Atlantic ◽

Anomalous Pattern

Abstract. Using an intermediate-complexity UVic Earth System Climate Model (UVic Model), the geographical and seasonal implications and an indicative sense of the historical climate found in the δ18O record of the Guliya ice core (hereinafter, the Guliya δ18O) are investigated under time-dependent orbital forcing with an acceleration factor of 100 over the past 130 ka. The results reveal that the simulated late-summer (August–September) Guliya surface air temperature (SAT) reproduces the 23-ka precession and 43-ka obliquity cycles in the Guliya δ18O. Furthermore, the Guliya δ18O is significantly correlated with the SAT over the Northern Hemisphere (NH), which suggests the Guliya δ18O is an indicator of the late-summer SAT in the NH. Corresponding to the warm and cold phases of the precession cycle in the Guliya temperature, there are two anomalous patterns in the SAT and sea surface temperature (SST) fields. The first anomalous pattern shows an increase in the SAT (SST) toward the Arctic, possibly associated with the joint effect of the precession and obliquity cycles, and the second anomalous pattern shows an increase in the SAT (SST) toward the equator, possibly due to the influence of the precession cycle. Additionally, the summer (winter) Guliya and NH temperatures are higher (lower) in the warm phases of Guliya late-summer SAT than in the cold phases. Furthermore, the Guliya SAT is closely related to the North Atlantic SST, in which the Guliya precipitation may act as a "bridge" linking the Guliya SAT and the North Atlantic SST.

Download Full-text