XIV. On the mathematical expression of observations of complex periodical phenomena; and on planetary influence on the earth's magnetism

1875 ◽  
Vol 165 ◽  
pp. 361-402
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Expression ◽  
The Other ◽  
Periodic Functions ◽  
The Law ◽  
At Will

The writers purpose in the following pages to determine, by Bessel’s method, a mathe­matical expression for a periodical phenomenon from observations which are affected by one or more other periodical phenomena, and to find criteria for judging of the extent to which the expression is affected by these other phenomena; also, having found an expression for a period of known approximation to the truth, to find from it the expression for the true period. In the course of these inquiries, certain ambiguities which affect similarly Bessel’s expression for a single periodical phenomenon and the results here arrived at will be remarked upon; and, finally, the results will be applied to determine the nature of periodic planetary magnetic influence in particular cases. 2. In Bessel’s paper “On the Determination of the Law of a Periodic Phenomenon” (a translation of which has been published by the Meteorological Committee in the Quarterly Weather Report, part iv. 1870), the author describes, in Section VII., how periodical phenomena which depend on two or more angles can be developed from observations of the same; and he remarks upon the simplicity of a certain class of cases in which both angles are exact measures of 2π, and one is a multiple of the other. In the description of the process occur the following words:- “If we designate the two angles by x , x’ , then in the expression y = p + p 1 cos x + q 1 sin x + p 2 cos2 x + q 2 Sin2 x + &c. the p , p 1 , q 1 , &c. which occur are not constant, but depend on x'; and as they are periodic functions of x', each of them has an expression of the form a+ a 1 cos x' + b 1 sin x '+ a 2 cos2 x' + b 2 sin2 x' +&c.

scholarly journals KAJIAN YURIDIS ANGGARAN DISABILITAS DALAM KEUANGAN NEGARA

FIAT JUSTISIA ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Hengky Widhi A. ◽  
Y. Sri Pudyatmoko
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Social Responsibility ◽  
Central Government ◽  
The Other ◽  
Persons With Disabilities ◽  
Local Areas ◽  
State Finance ◽  
The Law ◽  
Corporate Social ◽  
The Relationship

This study is departed from the idea that the provision of budget for the persons with disabilities is a very important thing. Recalling this problem, a good regulation is required. This study raised a problem of the urgency of budgeting for the persons with disabilities and the funding strategy as well as the juridical strategy in governing the budget for the persons with disabilities. This study employed a juridical analytical method, a research which is conducted to analyze certain provision of law to be used later in answering the society’ problem. From the research, it could be found that the provision of fund to provide the infrastructures for the persons with disabilities is very urgent. Such urgency included the reasons concerning the funding provision for the persons with disabilities and the determination of their needs required the funding provision. The budgeting strategy for the persons with disabilities is highly dependent on who is responsible for the affairs concerning the persons with disabilities. In the context of the relationship division between Central Government and Local Government, it includes those decentralized to local areas. For that reason, the local areas could provide it from Local Original Income (PAD) deriving from Entertainment Tax with earmarking pattern. When it was not sufficient, recalling that the existing local tax potential was inadequate or null, the funding for the persons with disabilities could be provided by Central Government and the other legitimate source of funds. The regulation strategy which should be taken is to amend the Law Number 28 of 2009 and Law Numer 40 of 2007 on Corporate Social Responsibility, to establish the Law of the Persons with Disabilities to govern the funding.Keywords: persons with disabilities, budget, state finance

scholarly journals Eksistensi ‘Illat dalam Mengukuhkan Teks Hadis-hadis Ru’yat al-Hilāl dan Fungsinya dalam Pengembangan Hukum Islam

Al-Ahkam ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 161
Author(s):  
Busyro Busyro
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The People ◽  
The Law ◽  
Modern Era

<p><em>Ḥisāb</em> and <em>ru’yat</em> always be warm conversations when there is an early determination of Ramadhan and Shawwal. At that time, there are always two camps of scholars in reacting, the scholars who hold on to <em>ḥisāb</em> (calculating the calendar) on one side, and on the other hand hold to <em>ru’yat al-hilāl</em> (seeing the moon directly). This in turn often leads to time differences in setting the beginning of the month among Muslims. With the aim to unite the people in starting their worship, some scholars try to understand the texts of these traditions about <em>ru’yat al-hilāl</em> by trying to find the <em>'illat</em> (reason) of the laws of hadiths about <em>ru’yat al-hilāl</em>. Their study of the <em>'illat</em> law resulted in the conclusion that the <em>ru’yat al-hilāl </em>is only a suitable means for the people that time and may not suitable for Muslims in this modern era. Therefore Muslims must use other <em>wasīlah </em>(means) which further guarantee the realization of the purpose of law, namely modern astro­nomy. The conclusion of the law from the side of the discovery of ‘<em>illat</em> seems to be less suited to the purpose of <em>ta'līl al-aḥkām</em>, is to establish textual texts in addition to discovering the forms of development of the texts.</p>

scholarly journals Inconsistency between the circulatory and the brain criteria of death in the Uniform Determination of Death Act

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Molina Pérez ◽  
James L. Bernat ◽  
Anne Dalle Ave
Keyword(s):  
Brain Stem ◽  
The Other ◽  
Determination Of Death ◽  
Entire Brain ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Irreversible Cessation ◽  
What Matters

The Uniform Determination of Death Act (UDDA) provides that “an individual who has sustained either (1) irreversible cessation of circulatory and respiratory functions or (2) irreversible cessation of all functions of the entire brain, including the brain stem, is dead.” We show that the UDDA contains two conflicting interpretations of the phrase “cessation of functions”. By one interpretation, what matters for the determination of death is the cessation of spontaneous functions only, regardless of their generation by artificial means. By the other, what matters is the cessation of both spontaneous and artificially supported functions. Because each UDDA criterion uses a different interpretation, the law is conceptually inconsistent. A single consistent interpretation would lead to the conclusion that conscious individuals whose respiratory and circulatory functions are artificially supported are actually dead, or that individuals whose brain is entirely and irreversibly destroyed may be alive. We explore solutions to mitigate the inconsistency.

3 Contentious Cases before ITLOS and the Seabed Disputes Chamber

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kittichaisaree Kriangsak
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Law Of The Sea ◽  
International Tribunal ◽  
International Court Of Justice ◽  
International Court ◽  
United Nations Convention ◽  
The Law ◽  
International Seabed Authority ◽  
State Enterprises

This chapter examines what constitutes a dispute under the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) concurs with the International Court of Justice that a dispute is a disagreement on a point of law or fact, a conflict of legal views or interests, or the positive opposition of the claim of one party by the other, which need not necessarily be stated expressis verbis, and that, in the determination of the existence of a dispute, the position or the attitude of a party can be established by inference, whatever the professed view of that party. When there is a dispute between the parties at the time of the institution of proceedings, the dispute must be one over which ITLOS has jurisdiction. To determine whether a dispute between the disputing parties in a particular case concerns the interpretation or application of UNCLOS, ITLOS must establish a link between the facts advanced by the applicant and the provisions of UNCLOS referred to by it and show that such provisions can sustain the claims submitted by the applicant. In contentious cases, the Seabed Disputes Chamber shall be open to States Parties to UNCLOS, the International Seabed Authority, the Enterprise, State enterprises, and State-sponsored natural legal persons carrying out activities in the Area.

scholarly journals “One of the First Matters to be Addressed but Distinct” or “Distinct but Inseparable”? The Distinction Between Maritime Entitlement and Sea Boundary Delimitation in the Philippines v. China Arbitration

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Christian SCHULTHEISS
Keyword(s):  
The Philippines ◽  
The Other ◽  
Law Of The Sea ◽  
Legal Argument ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Law ◽  
The One

Abstract The distinction between disputes of sea boundary delimitation and disputes over the existence of maritime entitlements was one key element of the legal argument that the Philippines brought forward against China in the Philippines v. China Arbitration. On the one hand, the distinction between delimitation and entitlement allowed the Tribunal to establish its jurisdiction on several Philippine submissions despite the jurisdictional exclusions of China's declaration under Article 298(1)(a)(i) of the Law of the Sea Convention. On the other hand, the Tribunal's finding about the lack of China's entitlements has important consequences. China and a number of lawyers objected to the jurisdictional separability of entitlement and delimitation. The aim of this paper is to discuss the question of whether a tribunal can establish jurisdiction on the existence of maritime entitlements in a context where jurisdiction on boundary delimitation is excluded and where a determination of entitlements has consequences for boundary delimitation.

Kant on Moral Respect

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anastasia Berg
Keyword(s):  
Moral Agent ◽  
The Other ◽  
Moral Action ◽  
Moral Law ◽  
Moral Agents ◽  
The Will ◽  
The Law ◽  
The One ◽  
Moral Respect

Abstract Kant’s account of the feeling of moral respect has notoriously puzzled interpreters: on the one hand, moral action is supposed to be autonomous and, in particular, free of the mediation of any feeling on the other hand, the subject’s grasp of the law somehow involves the feeling of moral respect. I argue that moral respect for Kant is not, pace both the ‘intellectualists’ and ‘affectivists,’ an effect of the determination of the will by the law – whether it be a mere effect or the motivating cause of action – but is instead identical to it. Drawing on Kant’s general account of feeling as the awareness of how representations and their objects harm or benefit our own powers, I argue that the identity between moral respect and the determination to action contains two elements. Moral respect is, first, a form of practical self-consciousness which constitutes the subject’s recognition of the moral law and thus of herself as intrinsically bound by it, i. e., as a moral agent. Second, respect is a capacity for receptive awareness of particular features of our environment as well as other persons insofar as they benefit and harm us as moral agents. Thereby moral respect affords us awareness in concreto of particular, morally-conditioned ends. In this way moral respect provides the key for a Kantian account of genuinely free practical receptivity.

Determination of the lattice translation across {110} APBs in GaAs

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 600-601
Author(s):  
D.R. Rasmussen ◽  
N.-H. Cho ◽  
C.B. Carter
Keyword(s):  
Grain Boundaries ◽  
Lower Energy ◽  
Antiphase Boundary ◽  
The Other ◽  
Boundary Structure ◽  
Interface Plane ◽  
Inversion Symmetry ◽  
High Angle ◽  
Equilibrium Distance

Domains in GaAs can exist which are related to one another by the inversion symmetry, i.e., the sites of gallium and arsenic in one domain are interchanged in the other domain. The boundary between these two different domains is known as an antiphase boundary [1], In the terminology used to describe grain boundaries, the grains on either side of this boundary can be regarded as being Σ=1-related. For the {110} interface plane, in particular, there are equal numbers of GaGa and As-As anti-site bonds across the interface. The equilibrium distance between two atoms of the same kind crossing the boundary is expected to be different from the length of normal GaAs bonds in the bulk. Therefore, the relative position of each grain on either side of an APB may be translated such that the boundary can have a lower energy situation. This translation does not affect the perfect Σ=1 coincidence site relationship. Such a lattice translation is expected for all high-angle grain boundaries as a way of relaxation of the boundary structure.

Determination of the Burgers vector of a dislocation in a Fe-Mn alloy by weak-beam image in HVEM

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 330-331
Author(s):  
Y. Ishida ◽  
H. Ishida ◽  
K. Kohra ◽  
H. Ichinose
Keyword(s):  
High Order ◽  
Simulation Technique ◽  
The Other ◽  
Image Simulation ◽  
Diffraction Vector ◽  
Burgers Vector ◽  
Weak Beam ◽  
Beam Image ◽  
Edge Component

IntroductionA simple and accurate technique to determine the Burgers vector of a dislocation has become feasible with the advent of HVEM. The conventional image vanishing technique(1) using Bragg conditions with the diffraction vector perpendicular to the Burgers vector suffers from various drawbacks; The dislocation image appears even when the g.b = 0 criterion is satisfied, if the edge component of the dislocation is large. On the other hand, the image disappears for certain high order diffractions even when g.b ≠ 0. Furthermore, the determination of the magnitude of the Burgers vector is not easy with the criterion. Recent image simulation technique is free from the ambiguities but require too many parameters for the computation. The weak-beam “fringe counting” technique investigated in the present study is immune from the problems. Even the magnitude of the Burgers vector is determined from the number of the terminating thickness fringes at the exit of the dislocation in wedge shaped foil surfaces.

Procedures for the Quantitative Determination of Autoprothrombin C

1962 ◽  
Vol 08 (03) ◽  
pp. 434-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edmond R Cole ◽  
Ewa Marciniak ◽  
Walter H Seegers
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Determination ◽  
Plasma Sample ◽  
Quantitative Measure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Clotting Time ◽  
Bovine Plasma ◽  
Autoprothrombin C

SummaryTwo quantitative procedures for autoprothrombin C are described. In one of these purified prothrombin is used as a substrate, and the activity of autoprothrombin C can be measured even if thrombin is in the preparation. In this procedure a reaction mixture is used wherein the thrombin titer which develops in 20 minutes is proportional to the autoprothrombin C in the reaction mixture. A unit is defined as the amount which will generate 70 units of thrombin in the standardized reaction mixture. In the other method thrombin interferes with the result, because a standard bovine plasma sample is recalcified and the clotting time is noted. Autoprothrombin C shortens the clotting time, and the extent of this is a quantitative measure of autoprothrombin C activity.

Determination of Factor XIII Activity and of Factor XIII Inhibitors Using an Ammonium-Sensitive Electrode

1983 ◽  
Vol 50 (02) ◽  
pp. 563-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Hellstern ◽  
K Schilz ◽  
G von Blohn ◽  
E Wenzel
Keyword(s):  
Factor Xiii ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
The Other ◽  
Activity Measurement ◽  
Factor Xiii Deficiency ◽  
Assay Procedure ◽  
Stabilization Factor ◽  
Release Method ◽  
Sensitive Electrode

SummaryAn assay for rapid factor XIII activity measurement has been developed based on the determination of the ammonium released during fibrin stabilization. Factor XIII was activated by thrombin and calcium. Ammonium was measured by an ammonium-sensitive electrode. It was demonstrated that the assay procedure yields accurate and precise results and that factor XIII-catalyzed fibrin stabilization can be measured kinetically. The amount of ammonium released during the first 90 min of fibrin stabilization was found to be 7.8 ± 0.5 moles per mole fibrinogen, which is in agreement with the findings of other authors. In 15 normal subjects and in 15 patients suffering from diseases with suspected factor XIII deficiency there was a satisfactory correlation between the results obtained by the “ammonium-release-method”, Bohn’s method, and the immunological assay (r1 = 0.65; r2= 0.70; p<0.01). In 3 of 5 patients with paraproteinemias the values of factor XIII activity determined by the ammonium-release method were markedly lower than those estimated by the other methods. It could be shown that inhibitor mechanisms were responsible for these discrepancies.

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