scholarly journals Ignavibacterium album gen. nov., sp. nov., a moderately thermophilic anaerobic bacterium isolated from microbial mats at a terrestrial hot spring and proposal of Ignavibacteria classis nov., for a novel lineage at the periphery of green sulfur bacteria

2010 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 1376-1382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takao Iino ◽  
Koji Mori ◽  
Yoshihito Uchino ◽  
Tatsunori Nakagawa ◽  
Shigeaki Harayama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Mats ◽  
Hot Spring ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Green Sulfur Bacteria ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Strictly Anaerobic ◽  
Moderately Thermophilic ◽  
Sulfur Bacteria ◽  
Green Sulfur

A moderately thermophilic chemoheterotrophic bacterium, strain Mat9-16T, was isolated from microbial mats developed in hot spring water streams from Yumata, Nagano, Japan. Cells of strain Mat9-16T were strictly anaerobic, Gram-stain-negative, non-sporulating, non-motile and short to long rods (2.0–15.5 μm in length). Strain Mat9-16T grew fermentatively with optimum growth at 45 °C, pH 7.0–7.5 and 1 % NaCl (w/v). Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene revealed that strain Mat9-16T was affiliated with an uncultivated lineage, and the nearest cultivated neighbours were green sulfur bacteria belonging to the class Chlorobea with 77–83 % sequence similarity. However, strain Mat9-16T could not grow phototrophically and did not possess light-harvesting structures, morphologically and genetically, such as the chlorosomes of green sulfur bacteria. On the basis of phenotypic features and phylogenetic position, a novel genus and species are proposed for strain Mat9-16T, to be named Ignavibacterium album gen. nov., sp. nov. (=NBRC 101810T =DSM 19864T). We also propose to place the cultivated bacterial lineage accommodating the sole representative Mat9-16T in a novel class, Ignavibacteria classis nov. In addition, we present a formal description of the phylum-level taxon ‘Chlorobi’ as Chlorobi phyl. nov.

Fonticella tunisiensis gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from a hot spring

2013 ◽  
Vol 63 (Pt_6) ◽  
pp. 1947-1950 ◽  
Author(s):  
Belkis Fraj ◽  
Wajdi Ben Hania ◽  
Anne Postec ◽  
Moktar Hamdi ◽  
Bernard Ollivier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type Species ◽  
Hot Spring ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Strictly Anaerobic ◽  
Fermentation Products ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Moderately Thermophilic ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Nitrate And Nitrite

A strictly anaerobic, moderately thermophilic, halotolerant rod, designated BELH25T, was isolated from a water sample of a Tunisian hot spring. Cells were non-motile, 2–6 µm long and 0.4–0.6 µm wide, appearing singly or in pairs. The isolate grew at 45–70 °C (optimum 55 °C), at pH 6.2–8.0 (optimum pH 7.0) and with 0–4 % NaCl (optimum 0–2.0 %). Sulfate, thiosulfate, elemental sulfur, sulfite, nitrate and nitrite were not used as terminal electron acceptors. Strain BELH25T used cellobiose, fructose, galactose, glucose, maltose, mannose, sucrose, starch and yeast extract as electron donors. The main fermentation products from glucose metabolism were formate, acetate, ethanol and CO2. The predominant cellular fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 and anteiso-C15 : 0. The DNA G+C content was 37.2 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that strain BELH25T was most closely related to Caloramator viterbiensis JW/MS-VS5T and Fervidicella metallireducens AeBT (92.2 and 92.1 % sequence similarity, respectively), and the isolate was positioned approximately equidistantly between these genera. Based on phenotypic, phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic characteristics, strain BELH25T is proposed to be a member of a novel species of a novel genus within the order Clostridiales , family Clostridiaceae , for which the name Fonticella tunisiensis gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of the type species is BELH25T ( = DSM 24455T = JCM 17559T).

Thermophagus xiamenensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a moderately thermophilic and strictly anaerobic bacterium isolated from hot spring sediment

2013 ◽  
Vol 63 (Pt_1) ◽  
pp. 109-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhao-Ming Gao ◽  
Xin Liu ◽  
Xi-Ying Zhang ◽  
Ling-Wei Ruan
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Anaerobic Bacterium ◽  
Hot Spring ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Strictly Anaerobic ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Moderately Thermophilic ◽  
Link Type ◽  
The Family

A moderately thermophilic and strictly anaerobic bacterium, designated HS1T, was isolated from offshore hot spring sediment in Xiamen, China. Cells were Gram-negative, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative, slender and flexible rods without flagella. The strain could grow at 35–55 °C (optimum at 50 °C) and in 1–8 % NaCl (w/v; optimum 2–4 %). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain HS1T was affiliated with the family Marinilabiliaceae and shared a distant relationship with the previously described genera. The isolate was most closely related to Anaerophaga thermohalophila Fru22T with 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 92.4 %, followed by the other members of the family Marinilabiliaceae with 88.7–91.1 % similarity. The dominant cellular fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0 and anteiso-C15 : 0. The predominant quinone was MK-7. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and an unknown polar lipid. The genomic DNA G+C content was 38.7 mol%. Besides the phylogenetically distant relationship, strain HS1T was obviously distinguished from the most closely related genera in several phenotypic properties including colony colour and pigment production, optimal temperature, optimal NaCl, relation to O2, bicarbonate/carbonate requirement, catalase activity, nitrate reduction, fermentation products and cellular fatty acid profile. Based on the phenotypic and phylogenetic data, strain HS1T represents a novel species of a new genus, for which the name Thermophagus xiamenensis gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of the type species is HS1T ( = DSM 19012T = CGMCCC 1.5071T).

scholarly journals Amphibacillus jilinensis sp. nov., a facultatively anaerobic, alkaliphilic bacillus from a soda lake

2010 ◽  
Vol 60 (11) ◽  
pp. 2540-2543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-Yue Wu ◽  
Gang Zheng ◽  
Wen-Wu Zhang ◽  
Xue-Wei Xu ◽  
Min Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Soda Lake ◽  
Soluble Starch ◽  
Biochemical Properties ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Positive Staining ◽  
Strictly Anaerobic ◽  
Dna Relatedness ◽  
Facultatively Anaerobic

A facultatively anaerobic, alkaliphilic, spore-forming, Gram-positive-staining rod, designated Y1T, was isolated under strictly anaerobic conditions from sediment of a soda lake in Jilin province, China. The strain was not dependent on Na+ but was highly halotolerant and grew optimally in medium JY with 0.5 M Na+ (0.06 M NaHCO3 and 0.44 M NaCl). The optimum pH for growth was 9.0, with a range of pH 7.5–10.5. No growth occurred at pH 7.0 or 11.0. The strain was mesophilic, with a temperature range of 15–45 °C and optimum growth at 32 °C. Strain Y1T was able to use certain mono- and oligosaccharides. Soluble starch and casein were hydrolysed. The methyl red test, Voges–Proskauer test and tests for catalase and oxidase activities were negative. The predominant fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0 and iso-C15 : 0. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed 93.4–96.8 % sequence similarity to members of the genus Amphibacillus. The DNA G+C content was 37.7 mol% (T m method). The DNA–DNA relatedness of strain Y1T with respect to Amphibacillus tropicus DSM 13870T and Amphibacillus sediminis DSM 21624T was 48 and 37 %, respectively. On the basis of its phylogenetic position and the DNA–DNA relatedness data as well as its physiological and biochemical properties, strain Y1T represents a novel species of the genus Amphibacillus, for which the name Amphibacillus jilinensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is Y1T (=CGMCC 1.5123T =JCM 16149T).

Brockia lithotrophica gen. nov., sp. nov., an anaerobic thermophilic bacterium from a terrestrial hot spring

2013 ◽  
Vol 63 (Pt_2) ◽  
pp. 479-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna A. Perevalova ◽  
Ilya V. Kublanov ◽  
R. V. Baslerov ◽  
Gengxin Zhang ◽  
Elizaveta A. Bonch-Osmolovskaya
Keyword(s):  
Hot Spring ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Thermophilic Bacterium ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Positive Type ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Terrestrial Hot Spring

A novel thermophilic bacterium, strain Kam1851T, was isolated from a terrestrial hot spring of the Uzon Caldera, Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia. Cells of strain Kam1851T were spore-forming rods with a Gram-positive type of cell wall. Growth was observed between 46 and 78 °C, and pH 5.5–8.5. The optimal growth (doubling time, 6.0 h) was at 60–65 °C and pH 6.5. The isolate was an obligate anaerobe growing in pre-reduced medium only. It grew on mineral medium with molecular hydrogen or formate as electron donors, and elemental sulfur, thiosulfate or polysulfide as electron acceptors. The main cellular fatty acids were C16 : 0 (34.2 %), iso-C16 : 0 (18 %), C18 : 0 (12.8 %) and iso-C17 : 0 (11.1 %). The G+C content of the genomic DNA of strain Kam1851T was 63 mol%. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain Kam1851T belonged to the order Thermoanaerobacterales , but it was not closely related to representatives of any genera with validly published names. The most closely related strains, which had no more than 89.2 % sequence similarity, were members of the genera Ammonifex and Caldanaerobacter . On the basis of its phylogenetic position and novel phenotypic features, isolate Kam1851T is proposed to represent a novel species in a new genus, Brockia lithotrophica gen. nov., sp. nov.; the type strain of Brockia lithotrophica is Kam1851T ( = DSM 22653T = VKM B-2685T).

scholarly journals Brevibacillus aydinogluensis sp. nov., a moderately thermophilic bacterium isolated from Karakoc hot spring

2012 ◽  
Vol 62 (Pt_4) ◽  
pp. 849-855 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kadriye Inan ◽  
Sabriye Canakci ◽  
Ali Osman Belduz ◽  
Fikrettin Sahin
Keyword(s):  
Type Species ◽  
Hot Spring ◽  
Lipid Analysis ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Thermophilic Bacterium ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Moderately Thermophilic ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Gene Sequence Analysis

Two Gram-positive, moderately thermophilic, endospore-forming, rod-shaped, motile bacteria, designated PDF25T and PDF30, were isolated from Karakoc hot spring in the province of Izmir, Turkey, and were characterized in order to determine their phylogenetic positions. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that the two strains belonged to the genus Brevibacillus ; strain PDF25T showed highest sequence similarity to strain PDF30 (99.4 %) and Brevibacillus thermoruber DSM 7064T (98.5 %). The major fatty acids of strain PDF25T were iso-C15 : 0 (39.30 %), anteiso-C15 : 0 (26.10 %) and iso-C16 : 0 (14.75 %). Polar lipid analysis revealed diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and a variety of unidentified aminophospholipids, phospholipids and aminolipids. The major isoprenoid quinone was MK-7. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 56.09 mol%. DNA–DNA hybridization experiments revealed 58 % relatedness between strain PDF25T and B. thermoruber DSM 7064T. Based on these data, the two strains are considered to represent a novel species of the genus Brevibacillus , for which the name Brevibacillus aydinogluensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is PDF25T ( = DSM 24395T = LMG 26289T).

scholarly journals Genetic Manipulation of Carotenoid Biosynthesis in the Green Sulfur Bacterium Chlorobium tepidum

2004 ◽  
Vol 186 (16) ◽  
pp. 5210-5220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niels-Ulrik Frigaard ◽  
Julia A. Maresca ◽  
Colleen E. Yunker ◽  
A. Daniel Jones ◽  
Donald A. Bryant
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Manipulation ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Carotenoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Green Sulfur Bacteria ◽  
Chlorobium Tepidum ◽  
Sequence Motifs ◽  
Green Sulfur Bacterium ◽  
Sulfur Bacteria ◽  
Carotenoid Composition ◽  
Green Sulfur

ABSTRACT The green sulfur bacterium Chlorobium tepidum is a strict anaerobe and an obligate photoautotroph. On the basis of sequence similarity with known enzymes or sequence motifs, nine open reading frames encoding putative enzymes of carotenoid biosynthesis were identified in the genome sequence of C. tepidum, and all nine genes were inactivated. Analysis of the carotenoid composition in the resulting mutants allowed the genes encoding the following six enzymes to be identified: phytoene synthase (crtB/CT1386), phytoene desaturase (crtP/CT0807), ζ-carotene desaturase (crtQ/CT1414), γ-carotene desaturase (crtU/CT0323), carotenoid 1′,2′-hydratase (crtC/CT0301), and carotenoid cis-trans isomerase (crtH/CT0649). Three mutants (CT0180, CT1357, and CT1416 mutants) did not exhibit a discernible phenotype. The carotenoid biosynthetic pathway in C. tepidum is similar to that in cyanobacteria and plants by converting phytoene into lycopene using two plant-like desaturases (CrtP and CrtQ) and a plant-like cis-trans isomerase (CrtH) and thus differs from the pathway known in all other bacteria. In contrast to the situation in cyanobacteria and plants, the construction of a crtB mutant completely lacking carotenoids demonstrates that carotenoids are not essential for photosynthetic growth of green sulfur bacteria. However, the bacteriochlorophyll a contents of mutants lacking colored carotenoids (crtB, crtP, and crtQ mutants) were decreased from that of the wild type, and these mutants exhibited a significant growth rate defect under all light intensities tested. Therefore, colored carotenoids may have both structural and photoprotection roles in green sulfur bacteria. The ability to manipulate the carotenoid composition so dramatically in C. tepidum offers excellent possibilities for studying the roles of carotenoids in the light-harvesting chlorosome antenna and iron-sulfur-type (photosystem I-like) reaction center. The phylogeny of carotenogenic enzymes in green sulfur bacteria and green filamentous bacteria is also discussed.

scholarly journals Physiology and Phylogeny of Green Sulfur Bacteria Forming a Monospecific Phototrophic Assemblage at a Depth of 100 Meters in the Black Sea

2005 ◽  
Vol 71 (12) ◽  
pp. 8049-8060 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann K. Manske ◽  
Jens Glaeser ◽  
Marcel M. M. Kuypers ◽  
Jörg Overmann
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Sulfide Oxidation ◽  
Green Sulfur Bacteria ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Green Sulfur Bacterium ◽  
Sulfur Bacteria ◽  
Light Intensities ◽  
Green Sulfur

ABSTRACT The biomass, phylogenetic composition, and photoautotrophic metabolism of green sulfur bacteria in the Black Sea was assessed in situ and in laboratory enrichments. In the center of the western basin, bacteriochlorophyll e (BChl e) was detected between depths of 90 and 120 m and reached maxima of 54 and 68 ng liter−1. High-pressure liquid chromatography analysis revealed a dominance of farnesyl esters and the presence of four unusual geranyl ester homologs of BChl e. Only traces of BChl e (8 ng liter−1) were found at the northwestern slope of the Black Sea basin, where the chemocline was positioned at a significantly greater depth of 140 m. Stable carbon isotope fractionation values of farnesol indicated an autotrophic growth mode of the green sulfur bacteria. For the first time, light intensities in the Black Sea chemocline were determined employing an integrating quantum meter, which yielded maximum values between 0.0022 and 0.00075 μmol quanta m−2 s−1 at the top of the green sulfur bacterial layer around solar noon in December. These values represent by far the lowest values reported for any habitat of photosynthetic organisms. Only one 16S rRNA gene sequence type was detected in the chemocline using PCR primers specific for green sulfur bacteria. This previously unknown phylotype groups with the marine cluster of the Chlorobiaceae and was successfully enriched in a mineral medium containing sulfide, dithionite, and freshly prepared yeast extract. Under precisely controlled laboratory conditions, the enriched green sulfur bacterium proved to be capable of exploiting light intensities as low as 0.015 μmol quanta m−2 s−1 for photosynthetic 14CO2 fixation. Calculated in situ doubling times of the green sulfur bacterium range between 3.1 and 26 years depending on the season, and anoxygenic photosynthesis contributes only 0.002 to 0.01% to total sulfide oxidation in the chemocline. The stable population of green sulfur bacteria in the Black Sea chemocline thus represents the most extremely low-light-adapted and slowest-growing type of phototroph known to date.

Pleomorphobacterium xiamenense gen. nov., sp. nov., a moderate thermophile isolated from a terrestrial hot spring

2013 ◽  
Vol 63 (Pt_5) ◽  
pp. 1868-1873 ◽  
Author(s):  
Decui Yin ◽  
Liwei Chen ◽  
Jingqun Ao ◽  
Chunxiang Ai ◽  
Xinhua Chen
Keyword(s):  
Type Species ◽  
Hot Spring ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Respiratory Quinone ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Moderately Thermophilic ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Moderate Thermophile ◽  
Terrestrial Hot Spring

An aerobic, motile, moderately thermophilic rod, designated strain CLWT, was isolated from a terrestrial hot spring in an exposition garden in Xiamen City, Fujian Province, the People’s Republic of China. Strain CLWT formed beige, dry colonies on solid 2216E medium and flocks in liquid medium. Cells were Gram-stain-negative, short rods (1.0–3.0 µm long and 0.4–0.6 µm wide) with six or more polar flagella. The temperature and pH for growth of strain CLWT were 28–65 °C (optimum, 50–58 °C) and pH 5.5–9.5 (optimum, pH 6.0–8.0). Growth occurred in the presence of 0.3–6.0 % NaCl (optimum 2.5–4.5 %). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the closest relative of the isolate was Amaricoccus kaplicensis Ben 101T (94.3 % sequence similarity). The DNA G+C content of strain CLWT was 72.2 mol%. The respiratory quinone was ubiquinone 10. The predominant polar lipids consisted of phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. The major fatty acids (>10 %) were summed feature 8 (consisting of C18 : 1ω7c and/or C18 : 1ω6c), C18 : 1ω7c 11-methyl and C18 : 0. Based on phylogenetic, physiological and biochemical data and DNA G+C content, strain CLWT is considered to represent a novel species of a new genus in the family Rhodobacteraceae , for which the name Pleomorphobacterium xiamenense gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of the type species is CLWT ( = LMG 26245T = CGMCC 1.10808T = MCCC 1A06272T).

scholarly journals Geobacillus gargensis sp. nov., a novel thermophile from a hot spring, and the reclassification of Bacillus vulcani as Geobacillus vulcani comb. nov.

2004 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 2019-2024 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamara N. Nazina ◽  
Elena V. Lebedeva ◽  
Andrei B. Poltaraus ◽  
Tatyana P. Tourova ◽  
Alexandre A. Grigoryan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type Strain ◽  
Hot Spring ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Taxonomic Status ◽  
Original Description ◽  
Major Fatty Acid ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Phenotypic Characteristics ◽  
Dna Reassociation

A novel thermophilic spore-forming strain, GaT, was isolated from the Garga hot spring located in the northern part of the Transbaikal region (Russia). Strain GaT was found to be an aerobic, Gram-positive, rod-shaped, thermophilic (optimum growth temperature is 60–65 °C), chemo-organotrophic bacterium that grows on various sugars, carboxylic acids and hydrocarbons. The G+C content of its DNA is 52·9 mol%. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity data show that strain GaT is closely related to members of the genus Geobacillus. Relevant chemotaxonomic data (in particular, the major fatty acid profile of strain GaT, which includes iso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0 and iso-C17 : 0 acids) support the assignment of this strain to the genus Geobacillus. The physiological, biochemical and DNA–DNA hybridization studies of strain GaT showed that it differs both genotypically and phenotypically from the recognized Geobacillus species. Based on these data, strain GaT belongs to a novel species, Geobacillus gargensis sp. nov. (type strain, GaT=VKM B-2300T=DSM 15378T). The analysis of the phenotypic characteristics (additional to those given in the original description) of the type strain of Bacillus vulcani (DSM 13174T) showed that they are very similar to the major phenotypic characteristics of the genus Geobacillus. The low DNA–DNA reassociation values of strain DSM 13174T with various species of this genus (from 38 to 54 %) clearly demonstrate a sufficient genomic distinction of this strain and its taxonomic status as a species. The physiological characteristics, phylogenetic position and DNA–DNA reassociation values of B. vulcani allow this species to be reclassified as Geobacillus vulcani comb. nov. The main properties that differentiate G. vulcani from the other species of the genus are its ability to produce acids from glycerol, lactose and ribose.

Caloramator quimbayensis sp. nov., an anaerobic, moderately thermophilic bacterium isolated from a terrestrial hot spring

2013 ◽  
Vol 63 (Pt_4) ◽  
pp. 1396-1402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Rubiano-Labrador ◽  
Sandra Baena ◽  
Carolina Díaz-Cárdenas ◽  
Bharat K. C. Patel
Keyword(s):  
Type Species ◽  
Hot Spring ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Thermophilic Bacterium ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Glucose Fermentation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Moderately Thermophilic ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Terrestrial Hot Spring

An anaerobic, moderately thermophilic, terminal-spore-forming bacterium, designated strain USBA AT, was isolated from a terrestrial hot spring located at an altitude of 2683 m in the Andean region of Colombia (04° 50′ 14.0″ N 75° 32′ 53.4″ W). Cells of strain USBA AT were Gram-stain-positive, straight to slightly curved rods (0.9×2.5 µm), that were arranged singly or in pairs, and were motile by means of flagella. Growth occurred at 37–55 °C and pH 6.0–8.0, with a doubling time of 2 h under the optimal conditions (50 °C and pH 7.0). Glucose fermentation in strain USBA AT required yeast extract or peptone (each at 0.2 %, w/v). The novel strain fermented sugars, amino acids, Casamino acids, propanol, propionate, starch and dextrin, but no growth was observed on galactose, lactose, xylose, histidine, serine, threonine, benzoate, butyrate, lactate, pyruvate, succinate, methanol, ethanol, glycerol, casein, gelatin or xylan. The end products of glucose fermentation were formate, acetate, ethanol and lactate. Strain USBA AT did not grow autotrophically (with CO2 as carbon source and H2 as electron donor) and did not reduce thiosulfate, sulfate, elemental sulfur, sulfite, vanadium (V) or Fe (III) citrate. Growth of strain USBA AT was inhibited by ampicillin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, penicillin and streptomycin (each at 10 µg ml−1). The predominant fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, C16 : 0 and iso-C17 : 0 and the genomic DNA G+C content was 32.6 mol%. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that strain USBA AT belonged in the phylum Firmicutes and that its closest relative was Caloramator viterbiensis JW/MS-VS5T (95.0 % sequence similarity). A DNA–DNA relatedness value of only 30 % was recorded in hybridization experiments between strain USBA AT and Caloramator viterbiensis DSM 13723T. Based on the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic evidence and the results of the DNA–DNA hybridization experiments, strain USBA AT represents a novel species of the genus Caloramator , for which the name Caloramator quimbayensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is USBA AT ( = CMPUJ U833T  = DSM 22093T).

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