scholarly journals Heterochronic Developmental Shifts Underlie Floral Diversity within Jaltomata (Solanaceae)

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamie L. Kostyun ◽  
Jill C. Preston ◽  
Leonie C. Moyle
Keyword(s):  
Floral Development ◽  
Floral Morphology ◽  
Phenotypic Diversity ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Differential Growth ◽  
Floral Diversity ◽  
Stage Development ◽  
Organismal Development ◽  
Floral Form ◽  
Late Stages

AbstractBackgroundHeterochronic shifts during mid to late stages of organismal development have been proposed as key mechanisms generating phenotypic diversity. To determine whether late heterochronic shifts underlie derived floral morphologies within Jaltomata (Solanaceae) – a genus whose species have extensive and recently evolved floral diversity – we compared floral development of four diverse species (including an ambiguously ancestral or secondarily derived rotate, two putatively independently evolved campanulate, and a tubular morph) to the ancestral rotate floral form, as well as to an outgroup that shares this ancestral floral morphology.ResultsWe determined that early floral development (<1 mm bud diameter, corresponding to completion of organ whorl initiation) is very similar among all species, but that different mature floral forms are distinguishable by mid-development (>1 mm diameters) due to differential growth acceleration of corolla traits. Floral ontogeny among similar mature rotate forms remains comparable until late stages, while somewhat different patterns of organ growth are found between species with similar campanulate forms.ConclusionsOur data suggest shared floral patterning during early-stage development, but that different heterochronic shifts during mid- and late-stage development contributes to divergent floral traits. Heterochrony thus appears to have been important in the rapid and repeated diversification of Jaltomata flowers.

scholarly journals Recruitment of an ancient branching program to suppress carpel development in maize flowers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harry Klein ◽  
Joseph Gallagher ◽  
Edgar Demesa-Arevalo ◽  
María Jazmín Abraham-Juárez ◽  
Michelle Heeney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Floral Development ◽  
Developmental Process ◽  
Floral Morphology ◽  
Genetic Interaction ◽  
Transcription Factor Gene ◽  
Functional Conservation ◽  
Developmental Program ◽  
Axillary Meristems ◽  
Carpel Development ◽  
Floral Form

AbstractFloral morphology is immensely diverse. One developmental process acting to shape this diversity is growth suppression. For example, grass flowers exhibit extreme diversity in floral sexuality, arising through differential suppression of stamens or carpels. In maize, carpels undergo programmed cell death in half of the flowers initiated in ears and in all flowers in tassels. The HD-ZIP I transcription factor gene GRASSY TILLERS1 (GT1) is one of only a few genes known to regulate this process. To identify additional regulators of carpel suppression, we performed a gt1 enhancer screen, and found a genetic interaction between gt1 and ramosa3 (ra3). RA3 is a classic inflorescence meristem determinacy gene that encodes a trehalose-6-phosphate (T6P) phosphatase (TPP). Dissection of floral development revealed that ra3 single mutants have partially derepressed carpels, whereas gt1; ra3 double mutants have completely derepressed carpels. Surprisingly, gt1 suppresses ra3 inflorescence branching, revealing a role for gt1 in meristem determinacy. Supporting these genetic interactions, GT1 and RA3 proteins colocalize to carpel nuclei in developing flowers. Global expression profiling revealed common genes misregulated in single and double mutant flowers, as well as in derepressed gt1 axillary meristems. Indeed, we found that ra3 enhances gt1 vegetative branching, similar to the roles for the trehalose pathway and GT1 homologs in the eudicots. This functional conservation over ~160 million years of evolution reveals ancient roles for GT1-like genes and the trehalose pathway in regulating axillary meristem suppression, later recruited to mediate carpel suppression. Our findings expose hidden pleiotropy of classic maize genes, and show how an ancient developmental program was redeployed to sculpt floral form.

scholarly journals Insights from an early stage development mixed methods study on arts-based interventions for older adults following hospitalisation

2021 ◽  
pp. 102745
Author(s):  
Amanda M. Clifford ◽  
Joanne Shanahan ◽  
Hilary Moss ◽  
Triona Cleary ◽  
Morgan Senter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Mixed Methods ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Mixed Methods Study ◽  
Stage Development

scholarly journals Sex expression and floral diversity inJatropha curcas: a population study in its center of origin

PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e2071 ◽  
Author(s):  
María de Lourdes Adriano-Anaya ◽  
Edilma Pérez-Castillo ◽  
Miguel Salvador-Figueroa ◽  
Sonia Ruiz-González ◽  
Alfredo Vázquez-Ovando ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Floral Morphology ◽  
Male Flower ◽  
Distance Matrix ◽  
Sex Expression ◽  
Southern Mexico ◽  
Center Of Origin ◽  
Floral Diversity ◽  
Productive Potential ◽  
Flower Diameter ◽  
Improvement Programs

Sex expression and floral morphology studies are central to understand breeding behavior and to define the productive potential of plant genotypes. In particular, the new bioenergy cropJatropha curcasL. has been classified as a monoecious species. Nonetheless, there is no information about its reproductive diversity in the Mesoamerican region, which is considered its center of origin and diversification. Thus, we determined sex expression and floral morphology inJ. curcaspopulations from southern Mexico and Guatemala. Our results showed that most ofJ. curcasspecimens had typical inflorescences with separate sexes (monoecious); meanwhile, the rest were atypical (gynoecious, androecious, andromonoecious, androgynomonoecious). The most important variables to group these populations, based on a discriminant analysis, were: male flower diameter, female petal length and male nectary length. From southern Mexico “Guerrero” was the most diverse population, and “Centro” had the highest variability among the populations from Chiapas. A cluster analysis showed that the accessions from southern Mexico were grouped without showing any correlation with the geographical origin, while those accessions with atypical sexuality were grouped together. To answer the question of how informative are floral morphological traits compared to molecular markers, we perform a Mantel correlation test between the distance matrix generated in this study and the genetic distance matrix (AFLP) previously reported for the same accessions. We found significant correlation between data at the level of accessions. Our results contribute to design genetic improvement programs by using sexually and morphologically contrasting plants from the center of origin.

scholarly journals LIMITED AVAILABILITY IN CROWDFUNDING PROJECTS – GUARANTEE FOR PROFITABILITY?

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 246-260
Author(s):  
Alexander Fox ◽  
◽  
Jana Neuland ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Impact Factors ◽  
Alternative Form ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Limited Availability ◽  
Project Description ◽  
Database Technology ◽  
Stage Development ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Analyze Data

Scarcity is an instrument that is often used in crowdfunding. Crowdfunding is an alternative form of financing, especially for entrepreneurs in the early-stage development phase. This paper deals with the characteristics of profitable crowdfunding projects. Hereby, we examine the impact factors of crowdfunding’s profitability, with a special focus on limited availability (scarcity), depth of project description and the size of pledging goals as follows. Therefore, we analyze data from kickstarter.com, one of the world’s largest crowdfunding platforms, and used 494 projects and 4,224 pledge levels from the broad category technology as our database. Technology projects lend themselves particularly well to the study, as they usually contain the project result as a tangible return, thus facilitating or even enabling the monetary evaluation of the success in contrast to, for example, cultural projects. Hence, our sample includes 32% of pledge levels with limited availability. We provide empirical evidence that the limited availability in the crowdfunding projects in terms of scarcity management is positively related to the profitability of the included pledge levels. We conclude that crowdfunding projects with limited availability on pledge levels are more profitable for investors.

scholarly journals Early Stage Development Of Geography Modules Of Design-Based Planning In The Study Program Of Education Geography STKIP PGRI West Sumatera

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yusutria Yusutria ◽  
Nefilinda Nefilinda
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Study Program ◽  
Development Study ◽  
The Public ◽  
Faith Based ◽  
Initial Validation ◽  
Lecture Material ◽  
Stage Development

The purpose of this research is to develop a faith-based disaster geography module. The module is one source of learning for students, which can facilitate students to get information and easy to apply to the public, so it can be instrumental in facing disaster. The development study used a 4D model involving three steps namely: define, design, and develop. The instruments used are validation, activities and interviews. The define phase showed that the geography lecture material of disaster is in conformity with the standards of competence and achievement lecture. The results showed that the design module validation is valid enough according to the criteria and many improvements. However, the results described here is an initial validation, and therefore still need to be validated by disaster experts, educational experts and Indonesian language experts.

The interplay of methane and ammonia as key oxygen consuming constituents in early stage development of Base Mine Lake, the first demonstration oil sands pit lake

2018 ◽  
Vol 93 ◽  
pp. 49-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florent F. Risacher ◽  
Patrick K. Morris ◽  
Daniel Arriaga ◽  
Corey Goad ◽  
Tara Colenbrander Nelson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Sands ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Pit Lake ◽  
Stage Development

Credit-Based Mobility Management Considering Travelers’ Budgeting Behaviors Under Uncertainty

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xi Lin ◽  
Yafeng Yin ◽  
Fang He
Keyword(s):  
Mobility Management ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Negative Attitude ◽  
Transportation System ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Individual Mobility ◽  
Management Scheme ◽  
Parsimonious Models ◽  
Late Stages

This study analyzes the performance of a credit-based mobility management scheme considering travelers’ budgeting behaviors for credit consumption under uncertainty. In the scheme, government agencies periodically distribute a certain number of credits to travelers; travelers must pay a credit charge for driving to complete their trips. Otherwise, they can take public transit free of credit charge. Consequently, within a credit-releasing cycle, travelers must budget their credit consumption to fulfill their mobility needs. Such budgeting behaviors can be viewed as a multistage decision-making process under uncertainty. Considering a transportation system with a credit scheme, we propose parsimonious models to investigate how the uncertainty associated with individual mobility needs and the subsequent travelers’ credit-budgeting behavior influence the multistage equilibrium of the transportation system, as well as the performance of the credit scheme on managing the transportation system. Both analytical and numerical results suggest that travelers tend to restrict their credit consumption in the early stage of a credit-releasing cycle to hedge against the risks associated with using up all credits, which compromises the performances of credit-based schemes. Moreover, a negative attitude toward risk aggravates the discrepancy between the credit consumption of the early and late stages. Last, we propose a contingency credit scheme to mitigate the negative impact incurred by travelers’ budgeting behaviors.

scholarly journals Early Stage Development of a Newcastle Disease Vaccine Candidate in Corn

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naila Shahid ◽  
Tahir Rehman Samiullah ◽  
Sana Shakoor ◽  
Ayesha Latif ◽  
Aneela Yasmeen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Vaccine Candidate ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Stage Development ◽  
Newcastle Disease Vaccine

Floral structure in Thismia (Thismiaceae: Dioscoreales): new insights from anatomy, vasculature and development

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxim S Nuraliev ◽  
Sophia V Yudina ◽  
Ekaterina A Shepeleva ◽  
Ba Vuong Truong ◽  
Thi Xuyen Do ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Distal Part ◽  
Floral Development ◽  
Floral Morphology ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Floral Structure ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
Precise Understanding ◽  
Floral Vasculature ◽  
General Appearance ◽  
Comprehensive Study

Abstract Thismia is characterized by an exceptionally complicated floral morphology that is currently not understood properly. In the taxonomic literature, descriptive rather than morphological terms are often applied to parts of the flower in Thismia, relating to the general appearance of the floral organs instead of their precise homologies. Precise understanding of the floral structure is complicated by the rarity of Thismia spp. and the paucity of appropriate material. Here we provide a comprehensive study of reproductive organs of three Thismia spp. (T. annamensis, T. javanica and T. mucronata) including the first investigation of inflorescence architecture and early floral development in Thismiaceae. We found a hitherto unknown diversity of the reproductive shoots in the genus, manifested in the number of floral prophylls (two or three, in contrast to a single prophyll in the vast majority of monocots) and in the branching plane resulting in two distinct inflorescence types, a drepanium and a bostryx. We report the non-acropetal sequence of initiation of floral whorls (with stamens being the last elements to initiate), never previously described in monocots, and the gynoecium composed of completely plicate carpels, also a rare feature for monocots. Floral vasculature is relatively uniform in Thismia, but significant interspecific differences are found in tepal innervation, including the number of tepal traces; some of these differences are not immediately related to the external tepal morphology. We argue that the annulus, which acts as a roof of the hypanthium, possesses an androecium nature and represents congenitally fused bases of stamen filaments. We describe the stamens as laminar structures, which are also shortly tubular in the distal part of the supraconnective with the adaxial tubular side forming a skirt-like appendage. Finally, the placentas, which are column-like when mature, are initially parietal, becoming secondarily similar to free-central placentas through schizogenous separation from the ovary wall.

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