scholarly journals SwarmSight: Real-Time Tracking of Insect Antenna Movements and Proboscis Extension Reflex using a Common Preparation and Conventional Hardware

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justas Birgiolas ◽  
Christopher M. Jernigan ◽  
Richard C. Gerkin ◽  
Brian H. Smith ◽  
Sharon M. Crook
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Formation ◽  
Insect Behavior ◽  
Software Module ◽  
Animal Group ◽  
Genetic Manipulations ◽  
Antennal Response ◽  
Web Camera ◽  
Proboscis Extension ◽  
Group Movements ◽  
Insect Antenna

ABSTRACTMany scientifically and agriculturally important insects use antennae to detect the presence of volatile chemical compounds and extend their proboscis during feeding. The ability to rapidly obtain high-resolution measurements of natural antenna and proboscis movements and assess how they change in response to chemical, developmental, and genetic manipulations can aid the understanding of insect behavior. By extending our previous work on assessing aggregate insect swarm or animal group movements from natural and laboratory videos using video analysis software SwarmSight, we developed a novel, free, and open-source software module, SwarmSight Appendage Tracking (SwarmSight.org) for frame-by-frame tracking of insect antenna and proboscis positions from conventional web camera videos using conventional computers. The software processes frames about 120 times faster than humans, performs at better than human accuracy, and, using 30 frames-per-second videos, can capture antennal dynamics up to 15 Hz. We used the software to track the antennal response of honey bees to two odors and found significant mean antennal retractions away from the odor source about 1 s after odor presentation. We observed antenna position density heat map cluster formation and cluster and mean angle dependence on odor concentration.

scholarly journals SwarmSight: Real-time Tracking of Insect Antenna Movements and Proboscis Extension Reflex Using a Common Preparation and Conventional Hardware

10.3791/56803 ◽  
2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justas Birgiolas ◽  
Christopher M. Jernigan ◽  
Richard C. Gerkin ◽  
Brian H. Smith ◽  
Sharon M. Crook
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Proboscis Extension Reflex ◽  
Proboscis Extension ◽  
Real Time Tracking ◽  
Insect Antenna

scholarly journals Collective Vortex Behaviors: Diversity, Proximate, and Ultimate Causes of Circular Animal Group Movements

2016 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johann Delcourt ◽  
Nikolai W. F. Bode ◽  
Mathieu Denoël
Keyword(s):  
Animal Group ◽  
Group Movements

scholarly journals Coordination of movement via complementary interactions of leaders and followers in termite mating pairs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nobuaki Mizumoto ◽  
Sang-Bin Lee ◽  
Gabriele Valentini ◽  
Thomas Chouvenc ◽  
Stephen C. Pratt
Keyword(s):  
Theoretic Analysis ◽  
Social Feedback ◽  
Animal Group ◽  
Information Theoretic ◽  
Leaders And Followers ◽  
Complementary Interactions ◽  
Coptotermes Gestroi ◽  
Specific Association ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Group Movements

AbstractLeadership of animal group movements depends on social feedback, hence leader’s signals and follower’s responses should be attuned to each other. However, leader and follower roles are difficult to disentangle in species with high levels of coordination. To overcome this challenge, we investigated a simple case of movement coordination: termite pairs in which a female leads a male as they search for a nest site. To tease apart leader and follower roles, we created conspecific and heterospecific pairs of Coptotermes gestroi and C. formosanus, which share a pairing pheromone so that males follow females of either species. Conspecific pairs were stable for both species, even though C. gestroi females produce less pheromone than C. formosanus. Heterospecific pairs with C. gestroi males were also stable, but not those with C. formosanus males. We attributed this difference to the C. gestroi male’s unique capacity to follow females that release small amounts of pheromone; C. formosanus males cannot follow or reject C. gestroi females as unsuitable. This conclusion was supported by an information-theoretic analysis that detected information flow from C. formosanus females to C. gestroi males as in conspecific pairs, but not from C. gestroi females to C. formosanus males. Despite their following ability, C. gestroi males lost to C. formosanus males in competitions to follow C. formosanus females. Thus, partner selection has shaped the species-specific association of mating pairs. Our results demonstrate that a similar level of coordination can emerge from distinct sets of complementary sender-receiver interactions.

scholarly journals Herding mechanisms to maintain the cohesion of a harem group: two interaction phases during herding

2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monamie Ringhofer ◽  
Clark Kendrick Go ◽  
Sota Inoue ◽  
Renata S. Mendonça ◽  
Satoshi Hirata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Group Cohesion ◽  
Video Tracking ◽  
Group Cohesiveness ◽  
Movement Initiation ◽  
Animal Group ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Group Movements

AbstractIn animal groups, individual interactions achieve coordinated movements to maintain cohesion. In horse harem groups, herding is a behavior in which males chase females from behind; it is considered to assist with group cohesiveness. However, the mechanisms by which the individuals move to maintain group cohesion are unknown. We applied novel non-invasive methods of drone filming and video tracking to observe horse movements in the field with high temporal and spatial resolution. We tracked all group members and drew trajectories. We analyzed the movements of females and found two phases of interactions based on their timing of movement initiation. The females that moved first were those nearest to the herding male, while the movement initiation of the later females was determined by the distance from the nearest moving female, not by the distance from the herding male. These interactions are unique among animal group movements and might represent a herding mechanism responsible for maintaining group cohesion. This might be due to long-term stable relationships within a harem group and strong social bonds between females. This study showed that the combination of drone filming and video tracking is a useful method for analyzing the movements of animals simultaneously in high resolution.

scholarly journals Electroantennogram response of the parasitoid, Microplitis croceipes to host-related odors: The discrepancy between relative abundance and level of antennal responses to volatile compound

F1000Research ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 2725 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tolulope Morawo ◽  
Matthew Burrows ◽  
Henry Fadamiro
Keyword(s):  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Volatile Compound ◽  
Microplitis Croceipes ◽  
Odor Cues ◽  
Percentile Rank ◽  
Antennal Response ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae ◽  
Insect Antenna ◽  
Different Levels

Herbivores emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs) after feeding on plants. Parasitoids exploit these VOCs as odor cues to locate their hosts. In nature, host-related odors are emitted as blends of various compounds occurring in different proportions, and minor blend components can sometimes have profound effects on parasitoid responses. In a previous related study, we identified and quantified VOCs emitted by cotton plant-fed Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae, an herbivore host of the parasitoid Microplitis croceipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). In the present study, the olfactory response of female M. croceipes to synthetic versions of 15 previously identified compounds was tested in electroantennogram (EAG) bioassays. Using M. croceipes as a model species, we further asked the question: does the relative abundance of a volatile compound match the level of antennal response in parasitoids? Female M. croceipes showed varying EAG responses to test compounds, indicating different levels of bioactivity in the insect antenna. Eight compounds, including decanal, 1-octen-3-ol, 3-octanone, 2-ethylhexanol, tridecane, tetradecane, α-farnesene and bisabolene, elicited EAG responses above or equal to the 50th percentile rank of all responses. Interestingly, decanal, which represented only 1% of the total amount of odors emitted by cotton-fed hosts, elicited the highest (0.82 mV) EAG response in parasitoids. On the other hand, (E)-β-caryophyllene, the most abundant (29%) blend component, elicited a relatively low (0.17 mV) EAG response. The results suggest that EAG response to host-related volatiles in parasitoids is probably more influenced by the ecological relevance or functional role of the compound in the blend, rather than its relative abundance.

scholarly journals Electroantennogram response of the parasitoid, Microplitis croceipes to host-related odors: The discrepancy between relative abundance and level of antennal responses to volatile compound

F1000Research ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 2725 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tolulope Morawo ◽  
Matthew Burrows ◽  
Henry Fadamiro
Keyword(s):  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Volatile Compound ◽  
Microplitis Croceipes ◽  
Odor Cues ◽  
Percentile Rank ◽  
Antennal Response ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae ◽  
Insect Antenna ◽  
Different Levels

Herbivores emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs) after feeding on plants. Parasitoids exploit these VOCs as odor cues to locate their hosts. In nature, host-related odors are emitted as blends of various compounds occurring in different proportions, and minor blend components can sometimes have profound effects on parasitoid responses. In a previous related study, we identified and quantified VOCs emitted by cotton plant-fed Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae, an herbivore host of the parasitoid Microplitis croceipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). In the present study, the olfactory response of female M. croceipes to synthetic versions of 15 previously identified compounds was tested in electroantennogram (EAG) bioassays. Using M. croceipes as a model species, we further asked the question: does the relative abundance of a volatile compound match the level of antennal response in parasitoids? Female M. croceipes showed varying EAG responses to test compounds, indicating different levels of bioactivity in the insect antenna. Eight compounds, including decanal, 1-octen-3-ol, 3-octanone, 2-ethylhexanol, tridecane, tetradecane, α-farnesene and bisabolene, elicited EAG responses above or equal to the 50th percentile rank of all responses. Interestingly, decanal, which represented only 1% of the total amount of odors emitted by cotton-fed hosts, elicited the highest (0.82 mV) EAG response in parasitoids. On the other hand, (E)-β-caryophyllene, the most abundant (29%) blend component, elicited a relatively low (0.17 mV) EAG response. The results suggest that EAG response to host-related volatiles in parasitoids is probably more influenced by the ecological relevance or functional role of the compound in the blend, rather than its relative abundance.

PREDICTING CERIUM + H2O CLUSTER FORMATION WITH SIMULATED AND EXPERIMENTAL SPECTROSCOPY

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josey Topolski ◽  
Caroline Chick Jarrold ◽  
Manisha Ray ◽  
Jared Kafader
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Formation ◽  
Experimental Spectroscopy

 Zombie ants: Precise manipulation of social insect behavior by a microbe

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Social Insect ◽  
Insect Behavior

Effects of rhizobacteria on the biology and behavior of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

2017 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 195
Author(s):  
Robson Thomaz Thuler ◽  
Fernando Henrique Iost Filho ◽  
Hamilton César De Oliveira Charlo ◽  
Sergio Antônio De Bortoli
Keyword(s):  
Plutella Xylostella ◽  
Diamondback Moth ◽  
Insect Behavior ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Pupal Weight ◽  
Larval Feeding ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Plant Feeding ◽  
Kluyvera Ascorbata ◽  
And Behavior

Plant induced resistance is a tool for integrated pest management, aimed at increasing plant defense against stress, which is compatible with other techniques. Rhizobacteria act in the plant through metabolic changes and may have direct effects on plant-feeding insects. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of cabbage plants inoculated with rhizobacteria on the biology and behavior of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). Cabbage seeds inoculated with 12 rhizobacteria strains were sowed in polystyrene trays and later transplanted into the greenhouse. The cabbage plants with sufficient size to support stress were then infested with diamondback moth caterpillars. Later, healthy leaves suffering injuries were collected and taken to the laboratory to feed P. xylostella second instar caterpillars that were evaluated for larval and pupal viability and duration, pupal weight, and sex ratio. The reduction of leaf area was then calculated as a measure of the amount of larval feeding. Non-preference for feeding and oviposition assays were also performed, by comparing the control treatment and plants inoculated with different rhizobacterial strains. Plants inoculated with the strains EN4 of Kluyvera ascorbata and HPF14 of Bacillus thuringiensis negatively affected the biological characteristics of P. xylostella when such traits were evaluated together, without directly affecting the insect behavior.

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