Effects of Pretreatment and Drying on the Volatile Compounds of Sliced Solar-Dried Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) Rhizome

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) rhizomes are mostly used as spice and medicine due to their high aroma intensity and medicinal bioactive compounds. However, the volatile compounds of ginger, partly responsible for its aroma and medicinal properties, can be affected by the pretreatment, drying method, and extraction processes employed. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of pretreatment and drying on the volatile compounds of yellow ginger variety at nine months of maturation. The effect of potassium metabisulfite (KMBS) and blanching pretreatment and drying on the volatile compounds of ginger using head space solid-phase microextraction with GCMS/MS identification (HS-SPME/GCMS/MS) was investigated. KMBS of concentrations 0.0 (control), 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, and 1.0% and blanching at 50°C and 100°C were used for pretreatment and dried in a tent-like concrete solar (CSD) dryer and open-sun drying (OSD). The different concentrations of KMBS-treated fresh ginger rhizomes did not result in any particular pattern for volatile compound composition identification. However, the top five compounds were mostly sesquiterpenes. The 0.15% KMBS-treated CSD emerged as the best pretreatment for retaining α-zingiberene, β-cubebene, α-farnesene, and geranial. The presence of β-cedrene, β-carene, and dihydro-α-curcumene makes this study unique. The 0.15% KMBS pretreatment and CSD drying can be adopted as an affordable alternative to preserve ginger.

Effects of High Hydrostatic Pressure Combined with Vacuum-Freeze Drying on the Aroma-Active Compounds in Blended Pumpkin, Mango, and Jujube Juice

A combination process of completely non-thermal processing methods involving high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) and vacuum-freeze drying (VFD) for producing a new snack from fruit and vegetable blends was developed, and the effect of the process on flavor quality was investigated. The HHP–VFD treatment did not significantly reduce volatile compound contents compared to single HHP or VFD. Gas chromatography–olfactometry showed that HHP–VFD raised the contents of floral-like volatile compounds (e.g., β-ionone) compared to the untreated sample. Sensory evaluation analysis confirmed that the overall liking was unchanged after the HHP–VFD treatment. The HHP–VFD combined treatment is effective in maintaining the flavor and extending shelf life, and is convenient for the portability and transportation of ready-to-drink juice.

Bioactive compounds and antiradical activity of propolis from scaptotrigona bipunctata e scaptotrigona depilis / Compostos bioativos e atividade antiradical da própolis de scaptotrigona bipunctata e scaptotrigona depilis

Propolis is a viscous substance produced and collected from plant shoots or exudates by worker bees. This study aimed to identify phenolic compounds, carotenoids, volatile compounds, and antiradical activity of propolis obtained from two stingless bees (SB), Scaptotrigona bipunctata (Tubuna) and Scaptotrigona depilis (Canudo), all native from Rio Grande do Sul. The two propolis showed a similar qualitative composition, but with quantitative differences. Catechin was the major phenolic compound found in propolis from S. bipuncata and S. depilis. The propolis from S. depilis showed a higher concentration of carotenoids, mainly lutein. The α-pinene was the volatile compound found in greater concentration in the two propolis.

A Review of Botanical Characteristics, Chemical Composition, Pharmacological Activity and Use of Scorodocarpus borneensis

Scorodocarpus borneensis, an indigenous tree from Kalimantan, was used traditionally. This forest plant is from the genus Olacaceae with a unique characteristic of their bark that smells like onions. The scientific information about the potential activity of this plant was very limited. In this study, the chemical compounds and potential activities of S. borneensis were reviewed in this article. The information was collected from several databases, such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, DOAJ, and Elsevier. Chemical compounds of S. borneensis were dominated by the volatile compound. That species has several activities, such as antioxidant, antibacterial

Soxhlet Extraction versus Hydrodistillation Using the Clevenger Apparatus: A Comparative Study on the Extraction of a Volatile Compound from Tamarindus indica Seeds

The present study aims to compare two traditional extraction techniques. A volatile compound from Tamarindus indica seed was obtained with Soxhlet extraction (SE) and hydrodistillation using the Clevenger apparatus (HDC). The extraction yield and chemical composition of the essential oil samples were compared. Both oils extracted were analyzed with GC-MS, and forty-one chemical compounds were identified in essential oil components from SE while forty chemical compounds were found in the HDC-extracted oil sample. The major essential oil components present in both the SE and HDC method are cis-vaccenic acid, 2-methyltetracosane, beta-sitosterol, 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z, Z)-, and n-hexadecanoic acid in varying concentrations. Moreover, the essential oils obtained by both methods look similar quantitatively but differ qualitatively. The HDC method produced more oxygenated compounds that contribute to the fragrance of the oil. The major constituents observed in the essential oil extracted by SE methods include cis-vaccenic acid (17.6%), beta-sitosterol (12.71%), 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z, Z)- (11.82%), n-hexadecanoic acid (8.16%), 9,12-octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester (5.84%), oleic acid (4.54%), and 11-octadecenoic acid and methyl ester (3.94%). However, in the hydrodistillation technique, the oil was mostly composed of 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z, Z)- (23.72%), cis-vaccenic acid (17.16%), n-hexadecanoic acid (11.53%), beta-sitosterol (4.53%), and octadecanoic acid (3.8%). From the data obtained, HDC seems to be a better method for extraction of Tamarindus indica essential oil compared to the Soxhlet extraction apparatus.

Antagonistic capacity of dark septate endophytes (DSE) against Ganoderma boninense from oil palm (Elaeis guinensis Jacq.)

Ganoderma boninense, a causal agent of basal stem rot, as one of the major problems in oil palm plantation in Indonesia. The potential of dark septate endophytes (DSE) as biocontrol agents for G. boninense is not widely studied. Therefore, this study aims to screen DSE strains to obtain high antagonistic strains. The antagonistic capacity of 10 DSE strains was determined based on the growth inhibition in the dual culture, and volatile compounds challenge against G. boninense, in vitro. Volatile compound profiling of selected DSE strains that showed the highest challenge capacity was done using Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Among 10 DSE strains tested, TKC 2.2a had the highest percentage of G. boninense inhibition in dual cultures and the volatile compound challenge. This strain inhibited better if grown in media seven days earlier than grown simultaneously with G. boninsense. The volatile compounds of 14 days old TKC 2.2a were of 2H-1-Benzopyran-7-ol, 3,4-dihydro-5-methoxy-6-methyl-2-phenyl; 4-Allyl-2,6-dimetho-xyphenol; and hexa-decanoic acid, which were reported as having either antimicrobial or antifungal activities. These results indicate that DSE TKC 2.2a can be a candidate for a biocontrol agent against G. boninense in oil palm, depending on further research on its ability to reduce basal stem rot symptoms.

SENSORY FEATURES OF TIACALIXARENE FILMS TOWARDS TOXIC AND EXPLOSIVE VOLETILE COMPOUNDS

The work is dedicated to the investigation of adsorption features of functionalized derivatives of tiacalix[4]arenes towards phosphorus and chlorine organic volatile compound as well as well as to nitroaromatic simulators of explosive organic compounds. Experiments were carried out with quartz resonators array covered with the films of calixarene receptors. Experiments were performed at the concentration levels 10–1000 ppm, that corresponds to 100–10 dilution of the saturated vapours of analytes. Detection limits reached 10–100 ppm depending on the type of analyzed toxic substances; operational speed was about 10–20 sec.