Site-specific analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 glycan shield

AbstractThe emergence of the betacoronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 that causes COVID-19, represents a significant threat to global human health. Vaccine development is focused on the principal target of the humoral immune response, the spike (S) glycoprotein, that mediates cell entry and membrane fusion. SARS-CoV-2 S gene encodes 22 N-linked glycan sequons per protomer, which likely play a role in immune evasion and occluding immunogenic protein epitopes. Here, using a site-specific mass spectrometric approach, we reveal the glycan structures on a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S immunogen. This analysis enables mapping of the glycan-processing states across the trimeric viral spike. We show how SARS-CoV-2 S glycans differ from typical host glycan processing, which may have implications in viral pathobiology and vaccine design.

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Site-specific glycan analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 spike

Science ◽

10.1126/science.abb9983 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. eabb9983 ◽

Cited By ~ 133

Author(s):

Yasunori Watanabe ◽

Joel D. Allen ◽

Daniel Wrapp ◽

Jason S. McLellan ◽

Max Crispin

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Immune Evasion ◽

Vaccine Development ◽

Mass Spectrometric ◽

Cell Entry ◽

Specific Mass ◽

Site Specific ◽

Humoral Immune ◽

Mass Spectrometric Approach ◽

A Site

The emergence of the betacoronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, represents a significant threat to global human health. Vaccine development is focused on the principal target of the humoral immune response, the spike (S) glycoprotein, which mediates cell entry and membrane fusion. SARS-CoV-2 S gene encodes 22 N-linked glycan sequons per protomer, which likely play a role in protein folding and immune evasion. Here, using a site-specific mass spectrometric approach, we reveal the glycan structures on a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S immunogen. This analysis enables mapping of the glycan-processing states across the trimeric viral spike. We show how SARS-CoV-2 S glycans differ from typical host glycan processing, which may have implications in viral pathobiology and vaccine design.

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Site-Specific Ground Motion Studies for a Deep Soil Site Near Ahmedabad, Gujarat

Recent Challenges and Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering - Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies ◽

10.4018/978-1-5225-6948-0.ch002 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 31-65

Author(s):

A. Boominathan ◽

Krishna Kumar ◽

R. Vijaya

Keyword(s):

Seismic Hazard ◽

Hazard Analysis ◽

Response Analysis ◽

Ground Response ◽

Ground Response Analysis ◽

Site Specific ◽

Linear Approach ◽

Specific Analysis ◽

Soil Site ◽

A Site

Design ground motions are usually developed by one of two approaches: by performing site-specific analyses or from provisions of building codes. Although contemporary codes consider the site effects to an extent, they provide more conservative estimates. Hence, site-specific analysis, which involves both the seismic hazard analysis and ground response analysis, is a preferred approach to obtain design ground motions. This chapter presents a site-specific analysis for a site near Ahmedabad, Gujarat. The seismic hazard analysis was carried out by DSHA approach. The site is predominantly characterized by deep stiff sandy clay deposits. Extensive shear wave velocity measurement is used for site classification and ground response analysis. The ground response analysis was carried out by using two approaches: the equivalent linear approach using SHAKE2000 and the non-linear approach using FLAC2D. The deep-stiff-soil site is found to amplify the ground motion. The response from nonlinear analysis is found to be considerably higher than those obtained from the equivalent linear approach.

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