scholarly journals The Temporal Dynamics of Opportunity Costs: A Normative Account of Cognitive Fatigue and Boredom

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mayank Agrawal ◽  
Marcelo G. Mattar ◽  
Jonathan D. Cohen ◽  
Nathaniel D. Daw
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Temporal Structure ◽  
Opportunity Costs ◽  
Rational Analysis ◽  
Cognitive Fatigue ◽  
Future Performance ◽  
Controlling Behavior ◽  
Rigorous Framework ◽  
New Framework

AbstractCognitive fatigue and boredom are two phenomenological states widely associated with limitations in cognitive control. In this paper, we present a rational analysis of the temporal structure of controlled behavior, which provides a new framework for providing a formal account of these phenomena. We suggest that in controlling behavior, the brain faces competing behavioral and computational imperatives, and must balance them by tracking their opportunity costs over time. We use this analysis to flesh out previous suggestions that feelings associated with subjective effort, like cognitive fatigue and boredom, are the phenomenological counterparts of these opportunity cost measures, rather then reflecting the depletion of resources as has often been assumed. Specifically, we propose that both fatigue and boredom reflect the competing value of particular options that require foregoing immediate reward but can improve future performance: Fatigue reflects the value of offline computation (internal to the organism) to improve future decisions, while boredom signals the value of exploratory actions (external in the world) to gather information. We demonstrate that these accounts provide a mechanistically explicit and parsimonious account for a wide array of findings related to cognitive control, integrating and reimagining them under a single, formally rigorous framework.

scholarly journals The temporal dynamics of opportunity costs: A normative account of cognitive fatigue and boredom.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mayank Agrawal ◽  
Marcelo G. Mattar ◽  
Jonathan D. Cohen ◽  
Nathaniel D. Daw
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Opportunity Costs ◽  
Cognitive Fatigue ◽  
Normative Account

Switch Hands! Mapping Temporal Dynamics of Proactive Cognitive Control Via Anticues

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Adam ◽  
Selas Jennings ◽  
Thamar Bovendeerdt ◽  
Pascal Van Gerven ◽  
Petra Hurks
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Temporal Dynamics

scholarly journals Temporal distribution of fruit-feeding butterflies (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) in the eastern extreme of the Amazon region

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-23
Author(s):  
Elias da Costa ARAUJO ◽  
Lucas Pereira MARTINS ◽  
Marcelo DUARTE ◽  
Gisele Garcia AZEVEDO
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Temporal Structure ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Amazon Region ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Amazon Forest ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Species Richness And Abundance

ABSTRACT Rainfall is one of the most influential factors driving insect seasonality in the Amazon region. However, few studies have analyzed the temporal dynamics of fruit-feeding butterflies in the Brazilian Amazon, specially in its eastern portion. Here, we evaluated the diversity patterns and temporal distribution of fruit-feeding butterflies in a remnant of eastern Amazon forest in the Baixada Maranhense, northeastern Brazil. Specifically, we tested whether fruit-feeding butterflies are temporally structured and whether rainfall influences species richness and abundance. Butterflies were collected with baited traps in both the rainy and dry seasons for two consecutive years. In total, we captured 493 butterflies belonging to 28 species, 15 genera and eight tribes. Three species comprised about half of the overall abundance, and Satyrinae was the most representative subfamily. The fruit-feeding butterfly assemblage showed a strong temporal structure during the second year of sampling, but not during the first year. Species composition and richness did not differ between rainy and dry seasons, and neither abundance nor richness was influenced by rainfall. Our results indicate that seasonality is not a strong environmental filter in this region, and that other biotic and abiotic factors are probably driving the community structure. The predominance of palms in the Baixada Maranhense, which are used as host plants by larvae of several lepidopteran species (specially satyrines) and are available year-round, might have contributed to the observed patterns of temporal diversity.

FREEMAN'S K MODELS AS RESERVOIR COMPUTING ARCHITECTURES

2009 ◽  
Vol 05 (01) ◽  
pp. 265-286
Author(s):  
MUSTAFA C. OZTURK ◽  
JOSE C. PRINCIPE
Keyword(s):  
Computational Models ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Temporal Structure ◽  
Reservoir Computing ◽  
Short Term ◽  
System Parameters ◽  
History Of ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Universal Approximators ◽  
Theoretical Results

Walter Freeman in his classic 1975 book "Mass Activation of the Nervous System" presented a hierarchy of dynamical computational models based on studies and measurements done in real brains, which has been known as the Freeman's K model (FKM). Much more recently, liquid state machine (LSM) and echo state network (ESN) have been proposed as universal approximators in the class of functionals with exponential decaying memory. In this paper, we briefly review these models and show that the restricted K set architecture of KI and KII networks share the same properties of LSM/ESNs and is therefore one more member of the reservoir computing family. In the reservoir computing perspective, the states of the FKM are a representation space that stores in its spatio-temporal dynamics a short-term history of the input patterns. Then at any time, with a simple instantaneous read-out made up of a KI, information related to the input history can be accessed and read out. This work provides two important contributions. First, it emphasizes the need for optimal readouts, and shows how to adaptively design them. Second, it shows that the Freeman model is able to process continuous signals with temporal structure. We will provide theoretical results for the conditions on the system parameters of FKM satisfying the echo state property. Experimental results are presented to illustrate the validity of the proposed approach.

scholarly journals Seasonal temporal dynamics of marine protists communities in tidally mixed coastal waters

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariarita Caracciolo ◽  
Fabienne Rigaut-Jalabert ◽  
Sarah Romac ◽  
Frédéric Mahé ◽  
Samuel Forsans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Dynamics ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Temporal Structure ◽  
Species Abundance ◽  
Temporal Correlation ◽  
Tidal Mixing ◽  
Taxonomic Resolution ◽  
English Channel ◽  
Turnover Rates

AbstractMajor seasonal community reorganizations and associated biomass variations are landmarks of plankton ecology. However, the processes determining marine species and community turnover rates have not been fully elucidated so far. Here, we analyse patterns of planktonic protist community succession in temperate latitudes, based on quantitative taxonomic data from both microscopy counts and ribosomal DNA metabarcoding from plankton samples collected biweekly over 8 years (2009-2016) at the SOMLIT-Astan station (Roscoff, Western English Channel). Considering the temporal structure of community dynamics (creating temporal correlation), we elucidated the recurrent seasonal pattern of the dominant species and OTUs (rDNA-derived taxa) that drive annual plankton successions. The use of morphological and molecular analyses in combination allowed us to assess absolute species abundance while improving taxonomic resolution, and revealed a greater diversity. Overall, our results underpinned a protist community characterised by a seasonal structure, which is supported by the dominant OTUs. We detected that some were partly benthic as a result of the intense tidal mixing typical of the French coasts in the English Channel. While the occurrence of these microorganisms is driven by the physical and biogeochemical conditions of the environment, internal community processes, such as the complex network of biotic interactions, also play a key role in shaping protist communities.

scholarly journals The separation of auditory experience and the temporal structure of MEG recorded brain activity

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Allen
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Temporal Structure ◽  
Oscillatory Activity ◽  
Auditory Stimuli ◽  
Brain Oscillations ◽  
Successful Separation ◽  
Auditory Experience ◽  
Oscillatory Brain Activity

AbstractDo brain oscillations limit the temporal dynamics of experience? This pre-registered study used the separation of auditory stimuli to track perceptual experience and related this to oscillatory activity using magnetoencephalography. The rates at which auditory stimuli could be individuated matched the rates of oscillatory brain activity. Stimuli also entrained brain activity at the frequencies at which they were presented and a progression of high frequency gamma band events appeared to predict successful separation. These findings support a generalised function for brain oscillations, across frequency bands, in the alignment of activity to delineate representations.

scholarly journals Automated control of odor dynamics for neurophysiology and behavior

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Alonso Hernandez-Nunez ◽  
Aravinthan Samuel
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Temporal Structure ◽  
Olfactory Receptor Neuron ◽  
Neural Response ◽  
Olfactory Stimulus ◽  
Response Dynamics ◽  
Automated Control ◽  
Olfactory Stimuli ◽  
Olfactory Systems ◽  
Photoreceptor Neurons

Animals use their olfactory systems to avoid predators, forage for food, and identify mates. Olfactory systems detect and distinguish odors by responding to the concentration, temporal dynamics, and identities of odorant molecules. Studying the temporal neural processing of odors carried in air has been difficult because of the inherent challenge in precisely controlling odorized airflows over time. Odorized airflows interact with surfaces and other air currents, leading to a complex transformation from the odorized airflow that is desired to the olfactory stimulus that is delivered. Here, we present a method that achieves precise and automated control of the amplitude, baseline, and temporal structure of olfactory stimuli. We use this technique to analyze the temporal processing of olfactory stimuli in the early olfactory circuits and navigational behavior of larval Drosophila. Precise odor control and calcium measurements in the axon terminal of an Olfactory Receptor Neuron (ORN-Or42b) revealed dynamic adaptation properties: as in vertebrate photoreceptor neurons, Or42b-ORNs display simultaneous gain-suppression and speedup of their neural response. Furthermore, we found that ORN sensitivity to changes in odor concentration decreases with odor background, but the sensitivity to odor contrast is invariant -- this causes odor-evoked ORN activity to follow the Weber-Fechner Law. Using precise olfactory stimulus control with freely-moving animals, we uncovered correlations between the temporal dynamics of larval navigation motor programs and the neural response dynamics of second-order olfactory neurons. The correspondence between neural and behavioral dynamics highlights the potential of precise odor temporal dynamics control in dissecting the sensorimotor circuits for olfactory behaviors.

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