scholarly journals Cardinium symbiosis as a potential confounder of mtDNA based phylogeographic inference in Culicoides imicola (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), a vector of veterinary viruses

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Pilgrim ◽  
Stefanos Siozios ◽  
Matthew Baylis ◽  
Gert Venter ◽  
Claire Garros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Basin ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Haplotype Network ◽  
Dispersal Patterns ◽  
Nuclear Markers ◽  
Economic Significance ◽  
Mitochondrial Haplotypes ◽  
Culicoides Imicola ◽  
The Mediterranean Basin ◽  
Mtdna Marker

AbstractCulicoides imicola (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) is an important Afrotropical and Palearctic vector of disease, transmitting viruses of animal health and economic significance. The apparent incursions of C. imicola into mainland Europe via wind-movement events has made it important to trace this species to better predict new areas of arbovirus outbreaks. A widely used method for tracking dispersal patterns of C. imicola employs a phylogeographic approach anchored on the mtDNA marker COI (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I). However, a problem with this approach is that maternally-inherited symbiotic bacteria can alter the frequency of COI mitochondrial haplotypes (mitotypes), masking the true patterns of movement and gene flow. In this study, we investigate possible associations of the symbiont Cardinium with C. imicola mitotype distribution. Haplotype network analysis indicates the concordance of specific mitotypes with Cardinium infection status in C. imicola populations from the Mediterranean basin and South Africa. This observation urges caution on the single usage of the COI marker to determine population structure and movement in C. imicola, and instead suggests the complementary utilisation of additional molecular markers (e.g. microsatellites and nuclear markers).

scholarly journals Cardinium symbiosis as a potential confounder of mtDNA based phylogeographic inference in Culicoides imicola (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), a vector of veterinary viruses

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Pilgrim ◽  
Stefanos Siozios ◽  
Matthew Baylis ◽  
Gert Venter ◽  
Claire Garros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linkage Disequilibrium ◽  
Gene Flow ◽  
Mediterranean Basin ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Haplotype Network ◽  
Western Mediterranean ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Culicoides Imicola ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The Mediterranean Basin

Abstract Background Culicoides imicola (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) is an important Afrotropical and Palearctic vector of disease, transmitting viruses of animal health and economic significance including African horse sickness and bluetongue viruses. Maternally inherited symbiotic bacteria (endosymbionts) of arthropods can alter the frequency of COI (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I) mitochondrial haplotypes (mitotypes) in a population, masking the true patterns of host movement and gene flow. Thus, this study aimed to assess the mtDNA structure of C. imicola in relation to infection with Candidatus Cardinum hertigii (Bacteroides), a common endosymbiont of Culicoides spp. Methods Using haplotype network analysis, COI Sanger sequences from Cardinium-infected and -uninfected C. imicola individuals were first compared in a population from South Africa. The network was then extended to include mitotypes from a geographic range where Cardinium infection has previously been investigated. Results The mitotype network of the South African population demonstrated the presence of two broad mitotype groups. All Cardinium-infected specimens fell into one group (Fisher’s exact test, P = 0.00071) demonstrating a linkage disequilibrium between endosymbiont and mitochondria. Furthermore, by extending this haplotype network to include other C. imicola populations from the Mediterranean basin, we revealed mitotype variation between the Eastern and Western Mediterranean basins (EMB and WMB) mirrored Cardinium-infection heterogeneity. Conclusions These observations suggest that the linkage disequilibrium of Cardinium and mitochondria reflects endosymbiont gene flow within the Mediterranean basin but may not assist in elucidating host gene flow. Subsequently, we urge caution on the single usage of the COI marker to determine population structure and movement in C. imicola and instead suggest the complementary utilisation of additional molecular markers.

scholarly journals Cardinium symbiosis as a potential confounder of mtDNA based phylogeographic inference in Culicoides imicola (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), a vector of veterinary viruses

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Pilgrim ◽  
Stefanos Siozios ◽  
Matthew Baylis ◽  
Gert Venter ◽  
Claire Garros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linkage Disequilibrium ◽  
Gene Flow ◽  
Mediterranean Basin ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Haplotype Network ◽  
Western Mediterranean ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Culicoides Imicola ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The Mediterranean Basin

Abstract Background: Culicoides imicola (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) is an important Afrotropical and Palearctic vector of disease, transmitting viruses of animal health and economic significance. The apparent incursions of C. imicola into mainland Europe via wind-movement events has made it important to trace this species to better predict new areas of arbovirus outbreaks. A widely used method for tracking dispersal patterns of C. imicola employs a phylogeographic approach anchored on the mtDNA marker COI (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I). However, a problem with this approach is that maternally-inherited symbiotic bacteria can alter the frequency of COI mitochondrial haplotypes (mitotypes), masking the true patterns of movement and gene flow.Methods: In this study, the mtDNA structure of C. imicola in relation to Cardinium infection status was investigated through haplotype network analysis. COI Sanger sequences from infected and uninfected individuals were first compared, before extending the haplotype network to include mitotypes from a geographic range where Cardinium infection has previously been investigated.Results: The mitotype network of a South African population, containing both Cardinium-infected and uninfected individuals, demonstrated the presence of two broad mitotype groups. All Cardinium-infected specimens fell into one group (Fisher’s exact test, P<0.001) demonstrating a linkage disequilibrium between symbiont and mitochondria. Furthermore, by extending this haplotype network to include other C. imicola populations from the Mediterranean basin, we revealed mitotype variation between the Eastern and Western Mediterranean basins (EMB and WMB) mirrored Cardinium-infection heterogeneity. Conclusions: These observations suggest that the linkage disequilibrium of Cardinium and mitochondria reflects symbiont gene flow within the Mediterranean basin but may not assist in elucidating host gene flow. Subsequently, we urge caution on the single usage of the COI marker to determine population structure and movement in C. imicola, and instead suggest the complementary utilisation of additional molecular markers.

Variations in the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene indicate northward expanding populations of Culicoides imicola in Spain

2009 ◽  
Vol 99 (6) ◽  
pp. 583-591 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.H. Calvo ◽  
C. Calvete ◽  
A. Martinez-Royo ◽  
R. Estrada ◽  
M.A. Miranda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cytochrome C ◽  
Cytochrome C Oxidase ◽  
Mediterranean Basin ◽  
Population Expansion ◽  
Spanish Population ◽  
Mitochondrial Cytochrome ◽  
Oxidase Subunit ◽  
Culicoides Imicola ◽  
Median Networks ◽  
The Mediterranean Basin

AbstractCulicoides imicola is the main vector for bluetongue (BT) and African horse sickness (AHS) viruses in the Mediterranean basin and in southern Europe. In this study, we analysed partial mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene to characterize and confirm population expansion of Culicoides imicola across Spain. The data were analysed at two hierarchical levels to test the relationship between C. imicola haplotypes in Spain (n=215 from 58 different locations) and worldwide (n=277). We found nineteen different haplotypes within the Spanish population, including 11 new haplotypes. No matrilineal subdivision was found within the Spanish population, while western and eastern Mediterranean C. imicola populations were very structured. These findings were further supported by median networks and mismatch haplotype distributions. Median networks demonstrated that the haplotypes we observed in the western Mediterranean region were closely related with one another, creating a clear star-like phylogeny separated only by a single mutation from eastern haplotypes. The two, genetically distinct, sources of C. imicola in the Mediterranean basin, thus, were confirmed. This type of star-like population structure centred around the most frequent haplotype is best explained by rapid expansion. Furthermore, the proposed northern expansion was also supported by the statistically negative Tajima's D and Fu's Fs values, as well as predicted mismatch distributions of sudden and spatially expanding populations. Our results thus indicated that C. imicola population expansion was a rapid and recent phenomenon.

scholarly journals Bluetongue Virus in France: An Illustration of the European and Mediterranean Context since the 2000s

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 672 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cindy Kundlacz ◽  
Grégory Caignard ◽  
Corinne Sailleau ◽  
Cyril Viarouge ◽  
Lydie Postic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Basin ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Domestic Ruminants ◽  
Inactivated Vaccines ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
World Organization ◽  
The Mediterranean Basin

Bluetongue (BT) is a non-contagious animal disease transmitted by midges of the Culicoides genus. The etiological agent is the BT virus (BTV) that induces a variety of clinical signs in wild or domestic ruminants. BT is included in the notifiable diseases list of the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) due to its health impact on domestic ruminants. A total of 27 BTV serotypes have been described and additional serotypes have recently been identified. Since the 2000s, the distribution of BTV has changed in Europe and in the Mediterranean Basin, with continuous BTV incursions involving various BTV serotypes and strains. These BTV strains, depending on their origin, have emerged and spread through various routes in the Mediterranean Basin and/or in Europe. Consequently, control measures have been put in place in France to eradicate the virus or circumscribe its spread. These measures mainly consist of assessing virus movements and the vaccination of domestic ruminants. Many vaccination campaigns were first carried out in Europe using attenuated vaccines and, in a second period, using exclusively inactivated vaccines. This review focuses on the history of the various BTV strain incursions in France since the 2000s, describing strain characteristics, their origins, and the different routes of spread in Europe and/or in the Mediterranean Basin. The control measures implemented to address this disease are also discussed. Finally, we explain the circumstances leading to the change in the BTV status of France from BTV-free in 2000 to an enzootic status since 2018.

Historical record and sources of contaminants in sediments from Mar Menor coastal lagoon.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Alorda-Montiel ◽  
Júlia Rodríguez-Puig ◽  
Aaron Alorda-Kleinglass ◽  
Marc Diego-Feliu ◽  
Valentí Rodellas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Basin ◽  
Coastal Lagoons ◽  
Sediment Cores ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
Anthropogenic Pressure ◽  
Se Spain ◽  
Economic Significance ◽  
Mar Menor ◽  
The Mediterranean Basin

&lt;p&gt;Mar Menor (SE, Spain) is one of the largest coastal lagoons in the Mediterranean basin. Its ecological and economic significance has led to its inclusion in several protection programmes, both on a national and international level. In the last decades, this semiconfined habitat has been under high anthropogenic pressure from agricultural, mining and tourism activities, which have resulted in significant changes, such as eutrophic events and their cascading ecological effects. Previous research suggests that this degradation is linked to the introduction of nutrients and contaminants to this ecosystem, which are accumulated in the sediments of the lagoon. In this work, sediment cores from key locations of the Mar Menor were collected in order to estimate the amount of accumulated chemical compounds, such as metals and organic compounds. The results of this study are used to reconstruct the historical record of contaminants, which can fuel future contamination episodes in the lagoon.&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#8239;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;

Piracy and Law in the Ottoman Mediterranean

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua M. White
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Mediterranean Basin ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Comprehensive Examination ◽  
Legal Space ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
First Time ◽  
Eastern Half ◽  
The Mediterranean Basin

This book offers a comprehensive examination of the shape and impact of piracy in the eastern half of the Mediterranean and the Ottoman Empire’s administrative, legal, and diplomatic response. In the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, piracy had a tremendous effect on the formation of international law, the conduct of diplomacy, the articulation of Ottoman imperial and Islamic law, and their application in Ottoman courts. Piracy and Law draws on research in archives and libraries in Istanbul, Venice, Crete, London, and Paris to bring the Ottoman state and Ottoman victims into the story for the first time. It explains why piracy exploded after the 1570s and why the Ottoman state was largely unable to marshal an effective military solution even as it responded dynamically in the spheres of law and diplomacy. By focusing on the Ottoman victims, jurists, and officials who had to contend most with the consequences of piracy, Piracy and Law reveals a broader range of piratical practitioners than the Muslim and Catholic corsairs who have typically been the focus of study and considers their consequences for the Ottoman state and those who traveled through Ottoman waters. This book argues that what made the eastern half of the Mediterranean basin the Ottoman Mediterranean, more than sovereignty or naval supremacy—which was ephemeral—was that it was a legal space. The challenge of piracy helped to define its contours.

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