scholarly journals COVID-19 Wastewater Epidemiology: A Model to Estimate Infected Populations

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Steven McMahan ◽  
Stella Self ◽  
Lior Rennert ◽  
Corey Kalbaugh ◽  
David Kriebel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Environmental Control ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Geographic Area ◽  
Mass Rate ◽  
Seir Model ◽  
Additional Tool ◽  
Department Of Health ◽  
South Carolina Department ◽  
Wastewater Samples

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDWastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) provides an opportunity for near real-time, cost-effective monitoring of community level transmission of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater can identify the presence of COVID-19 in the community, but methods are lacking for estimating the numbers of infected individuals based on wastewater RNA concentrations.METHODSComposite wastewater samples were collected from three sewersheds and tested for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. A Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Removed (SEIR) model based on mass rate of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the wastewater was developed to predict the number of infected individuals. Predictions were compared to confirmed cases identified by the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control for the same time period and geographic area.RESULTSModel predictions for the relationship between mass rate of virus release to the sewersheds and numbers of infected individuals were validated based on estimated prevalence from individual testing. A simplified equation to estimate the number of infected individuals fell within the 95% confidence limits of the model. The unreported rate for COVID-19 estimated by the model was approximately 12 times that of confirmed cases. This aligned well with an independent estimate for the state of South Carolina.CONCLUSIONSThe SEIR model provides a robust method to estimate the total number of infected individuals in a sewershed based on the mass rate of RNA copies released per day. This overcomes some of the limitations associated with individual testing campaigns and thereby provides an additional tool that can be used to better inform policy decisions.

scholarly journals A large salmonellosis outbreak associated with a frequently penalized restaurant

1993 ◽  
Vol 110 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. P. Luby ◽  
J. L. Jones ◽  
J. M. Horan
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Environmental Control ◽  
Health Department ◽  
Local Health Department ◽  
Local Health ◽  
Food Handlers ◽  
Salmonella Infection ◽  
Department Of Health ◽  
South Carolina Department ◽  
Offensive Odour

SUMMARYBetween January and June 1990, Restaurant A in Greenville, South Carolina repeatedly failed local health department inspection and was repeatedly sanctioned. In September 1990, two persons, hospitalized with salmonellosis after attending a convention catered by Restaurant A, contacted the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control. We inspected Restaurant A, interviewed food handlers, and surveyed by telephone persons from every sixth business attending the convention. Of 398 persons interviewed, 135 (34%) reported gastroenteritis. Nine had culture-confirmed salmonella infection. People who ate turkey were 4.6 times more likely to become ill than those who did not eat turkey (95% confidence interval 2.0, 10.6). We estimate that of 2430 attendees, 824 became ill. Sanitarians judged Restaurant A's kitchen too small to prepare over 500 meals safely. The cooked turkey was unrefrigerated for several hours, incompletely rewarmed, and rinsed with water to reduce its offensive odour prior to serving. Stronger sanctions may be needed against restaurants that repeatedly fail local health department inspection.

scholarly journals Water-Level Trends in Aquifers of South Carolina

2014 ◽  
pp. 10-18
Author(s):  
Scott V. Harder ◽  
Joseph A. Gellici ◽  
Andrew Wachob
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Environmental Control ◽  
Resource Assessment ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Geological Survey ◽  
Monitoring Networks ◽  
The South ◽  
Groundwater Levels ◽  
Department Of Health ◽  
South Carolina Department

Groundwater levels are examined to document and evaluate short- and long-term trends observed in each of the major aquifers in the State. Data are compiled from groundwater-monitoring networks maintained by the South Carolina Department of Natural Resources (DNR), the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control (DHEC), and the United States Geological Survey (USGS). The data are used in the support of groundwater management and allocation, assessment of droughts, groundwater-flow modeling, and resource assessment. Hydrographs from approximately 170 wells are reviewed with periods of record ranging from 1 to 56 years.

scholarly journals A Case Study in Watershed-Based Plan Development and Implementation for the May River Watershed in Bluffton, South Carolina

2014 ◽  
pp. 19-25
Author(s):  
Kimberly W. Jones ◽  
Ronald Bullman
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Environmental Control ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
River Watershed ◽  
Department Of Health ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Local Residents ◽  
Beaufort County ◽  
The Town

The Town of Bluffton, South Carolina was a one square mile coastal village until it experienced exponential growth in the early 2000s, and today is approximately 54 square miles. Until this recent growth, few sources of possible impairments to water quality were recognized within the watershed, and even fewer within close proximity to the river itself. In 2007, the Town was told by the S.C. Department of Health and Environmental Control (SCDHEC) that fecal coliform levels in the May River headwaters were increasing and in 2009 the river received a shellfish harvesting classification down-grade. In response to this down-grade, the Town of Bluffton, with Beaufort County and stakeholders, committed to take action to restore shellfish harvesting in the river and to prevent further degradation to the river. Following the U.S. EPA (EPA) guidelines for developing watershed plans, Town staff worked for nearly a year with consultants, Beaufort County, topic experts and local residents to develop the May River Watershed Action Plan which was adopted by Town Council in November 2011.

Highway Cross-Slope Measurement using Mobile LiDAR

2018 ◽  
Vol 2672 (39) ◽  
pp. 88-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alireza Shams ◽  
Wayne A. Sarasua ◽  
Afshin Famili ◽  
William J. Davis ◽  
Jennifer H. Ogle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Measurement Unit ◽  
Ground Control ◽  
Lidar Data ◽  
Ground Control Points ◽  
South Carolina Department ◽  
The Difference

Ensuring adequate pavement cross-slope on highways can improve driver safety by reducing the potential for ponding to occur or vehicles to hydroplane. Mobile laser scanning (MLS) systems provide a rapid, continuous, and cost-effective means of collecting accurate 3D coordinate data along a corridor in the form of a point cloud. This study provides an evaluation of MLS systems in terms of the accuracy and precision of collected cross-slope data and documentation of procedures needed to calibrate, collect, and process this data. Mobile light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data were collected by five different vendors on three roadway sections. The results indicate the difference between ground control adjusted and unadjusted LiDAR derived cross-slopes, and field surveying measurements less than 0.19% at a 95% confidence level. The unadjusted LiDAR data incorporated corrections from an integrated inertial measurement unit and high-accuracy real-time kinematic GPS, however it was not post-processed adjusted with ground control points. This level of accuracy meets suggested cross-slope accuracies for mobile measurements (±0.2%) and demonstrates that mobile LiDAR is a reliable method for cross-slope verification. Performing cross-slope verification can ensure existing pavement meets minimum cross-slope requirements, and conversely is useful in identifying roadway sections that do not meet minimum standards, which is more desirable than through crash reconnaissance where hydroplaning was evident. Adoption of MLS would enable the South Carolina Department of Transportation (SCDOT) to address cross-slope issues through efficient and accurate data collection methods.

THE TEN-STATE NUTRITION SURVEY: A PEDIATRIC PERSPECTIVE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 1095-1099
Author(s):  
Charles U. Lowe ◽  
Gilbert B. Forbes ◽  
Stanley Garn ◽  
George M. Owen ◽  
Nathan J. Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
The United States ◽  
Food Utilization ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Dietary Recall ◽  
Department Of Health ◽  
The Individual

In 1967 the 90th Congress of the United States attached an amendment to the Partnership for Health Act requiring the Secretary of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare to undertake a survey of "the incidence and location of serious hunger and malnutrition–in the United States." In response to the legislative mandate the Ten-State Nutrition Survey was conducted during the years 1968 through 1970. The sample was selected from urban and rural families living in the following ten states: New York, Massachusetts, Michigan, California, Washington, Kentucky, West Virginia, Louisiana, Texas, and South Carolina. The families selected were those living in some of the census enumeration districts that made up the lowest economic quartiles of their respective states at the time of the 1960 census. During the eight years after the 1960 census the social and economic characteristics found in some of the individual enumeration districts had changed, so that there was a significant numer of families in the surveys with incomes well above the lowest income quartile. Thus, it was possible in analyzing results to make some comparisons on an economic basis. Thirty thousand families were identified in the selection process; 23,846 of these participated in the survey. Data regarding more than 80,000 individuals were obtained through interviews and 40,847 of these individuals were examined. The survey included the following: extensive demographic information on each of the participating families; information regarding food utilization of the family; a 24-hour dietary recall for infants up to 36 months of age, children 10 to 16 years of age, pregnant and lactating women, and individuals over 60 years of age.

scholarly journals Bioremediation of Some Reactive Dyes Commonly used in Fabric Re-dyeing by Chlorella vulgaris

2021 ◽  
pp. 10-19
Author(s):  
Zainab M. Sani ◽  
Aisha S. Dalhatu ◽  
Baha’uddeen S. Adam ◽  
Kasim Mohammed ◽  
Yusuf Y. Muhammad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chlorella Vulgaris ◽  
Dye Removal ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Reactive Dyes ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Textile Wastewater ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
P Value ◽  
Wastewater Samples ◽  
Reactive Green 19

Aim: The work was aimed at assessing the potential of Chlorella vulgaris in remediation of reactive dyes. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Plant Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria, between January 2019 and December 2019. Methodology: Wastewater containing individual reactive dyes: reactive red 198 (RR198), reactive yellow 176 (RY176), reactive green 19 (RG19), reactive orange 122 (RO122), reactive red 195 (RR195) and reactive violet 1 (RV1) were collected from a local fabric re-dyeing pit at Kofar Na’isa, Kano, Nigeria. The green microalga C. vulgaris was cultured in Bold Basal medium (BBM) at 30 ± 2°C and subjected to adsorption and decolourization assays of the dyes. Results: The highest dye removal efficiency by enzymatic action was recorded after 48 hours, while that for the biomass adsorption was at day 14, at pH 11.3 and temperature of 30°C. The percentage dye removal by adsorption and decolourization were within the ranges of 68.1-97.8% and 69.8-99.9% respectively. Dye removal decreased with increase in contact time until saturation is attained. Freundlich’s isotherm model was best fitted for the adsorption of the dyes with a strong linear correlation coefficient, R2 ranging from 0.954-0.811. There was a strong linear relationship and high statistical significance among the dyes for both decolourization and adsorption (P value; .01). Conclusion: Chlorella vulgaris was found to be effective in the removal of reactive dyes from textile wastewater samples. The results revealed C. vulgaris to be a cost-effective and eco-friendly biosorbent that can be used for the treatment of wastewaters containing toxic dyes.

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