scholarly journals Meta-analytic evidence for downregulation of the amygdala during working memory maintenance

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lycia D. de Voogd ◽  
Erno J. Hermans
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Cognitive Reappraisal ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Likelihood Estimation ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Reciprocal Relationship ◽  
Amygdala Activity ◽  
Regulation Of Emotion

The amygdala is a region critically implicated in affective processes. Downregulation of the amygdala is therefore one of the hallmarks of successful emotion regulation. Downregulation is thought to be established through top-down control of the executive control network over the amygdala. Such a reciprocal relationship, however, is not exclusive to cognitive regulation of emotion. It has recently been noted that any cognitively demanding task may downregulate the amygdala, including a standard working memory task. Here, using a coordinate-based meta-analysis based on an activation likelihood estimation (ALE), we examined whether a standard working memory task (i.e., a 2-back task) downregulates the amygdala similarly to a cognitive reappraisal task. Following the PRISMA guidelines, we included a total of 66 studies using a 2-back working memory task and 65 studies using a cognitive reappraisal task. We found that a standard 2-back working memory task indeed systematically downregulates the amygdala, and that deactivated clusters strongly overlap with those observed during a cognitive reappraisal task. This finding has important consequences for the interpretation of the underlying mechanism of the effects of cognitive reappraisal on amygdala activity: downregulation of amygdala during cognitive reappraisal might be due to the cognitively demanding nature of the task and not per se by the act of the reappraisal itself. Moreover, it raises the possibility of applying working memory tasks in a clinical setting as an alternative emotion regulation strategy.

Emotion regulation and satisfaction in long-term marital relationships: The role of emotional contagion

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (9) ◽  
pp. 2880-2895
Author(s):  
Silvia Mazzuca ◽  
Konstantinos Kafetsios ◽  
Stefano Livi ◽  
Fabio Presaghi
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Marital Satisfaction ◽  
Cognitive Reappraisal ◽  
Emotional Contagion ◽  
Marital Relationships ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Actor Partner Interdependence Model ◽  
Regulation Of Emotion

How couples regulate their emotions and how they converge emotionally with one another can critically affect relationship quality. We examined individual differences in two different classes of interaction-relevant processes—emotion regulation (ER) and emotional contagion (EC), the tendency to catch and converge with the emotions of others—in long-term marital relationships. Results from the actor–partner interdependence model analyses indicated that (a) actors’ and partners’ levels of cognitive reappraisal (but not suppression) and EC were independently associated with higher marital satisfaction and (b) both partners’ and actors’ levels of EC moderated associations between cognitive reappraisal (but not suppression) and marital satisfaction, such that this association significantly increased for lower levels of EC. EC at couple level had a direct effect on marital satisfaction and overrode individual-level effects of EC. These results indicate that both automatic (EC) and controlled (ER) processes have independent and conjoint effects on marital satisfaction in long-wed couples and, to an extent, coincide in attempts to synchronize couples’ emotional linkage. The results point to intrapersonal and interpersonal mechanisms in the regulation of emotion in longer term marital relationships.

scholarly journals Cerebellum added to Working Memory Networks revealed by Meta-analysis of Activation Likelihood Estimation of fMRI sites in n-back tasks

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 688
Author(s):  
Sheila Crewther ◽  
Gemma Lamp ◽  
Peter Goodin ◽  
Robin Laycock ◽  
David Crewther
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Likelihood Estimation ◽  
Activation Likelihood Estimation

scholarly journals Performance and belief-based emotion regulation capacity and tendency: Mapping links with cognitive flexibility and perceived stress

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joao F Guassi Moreira ◽  
Razia Sahi ◽  
Emilia Ninova ◽  
Carolyn Parkinson ◽  
Jennifer A Silvers
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Cognitive Flexibility ◽  
Perceived Stress ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Cognitive Reappraisal ◽  
Healthy Adults ◽  
Emotion Regulation Strategies ◽  
Regulation Strategies ◽  
The Relationship

Cognitive reappraisal is among the most effective and well-studied emotion regulation strategies humans have at their disposal. Here, in 250 healthy adults across two preregistered studies, we examined whether reappraisal capacity (the ability to reappraise) and tendency (the propensity to reappraise) differentially relate to perceived stress. In Study 1, we also investigated whether cognitive flexibility, a skill hypothesized to support reappraisal, accounts for associations between reappraisal capacity and tendency, and perceived stress. Intriguingly, cognitive flexibility was unrelated to reappraisal and perceived stress. Both Studies 1 and 2 showed that reappraisal tendency was associated with perceived stress, whereas the relationship between reappraisal capacity and perceived stress was less robust. Further, Study 2 suggested that self-reported beliefs about one’s emotion regulation capacity and tendency were predictive of wellbeing, whereas no such associations were observed with performance-based assessments of capacity and tendency. That associations between reappraisal capacity and tendency and perceived stress were not accounted for by cognitive flexibility or working memory, core cognitive skills, alone, suggests that reappraisal’s links to wellbeing cannot be sufficiently explained by its underlying cognitive parts. Moreover, these data suggest that self-reported perceptions of reappraisal skills may be more predictive of wellbeing than actual reappraisal ability.

Relation between Emotion Regulation and Mental Health: A Meta-Analysis Review

2014 ◽  
Vol 114 (2) ◽  
pp. 341-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tianqiang Hu ◽  
Dajun Zhang ◽  
Jinliang Wang ◽  
Ritesh Mistry ◽  
Guangming Ran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Cognitive Reappraisal ◽  
Expressive Suppression ◽  
Moderator Variable ◽  
Regulation Strategies ◽  
Positive Indicators

This meta-analysis examined the relationship between emotion regulation strategies (cognitive reappraisal, expressive suppression) and mental health (measured by life-satisfaction, positive affect, depression, anxiety, and negative affect). 48 studies, which included 51 independent samples, 157 effect sizes, and 21,150 participants, met the inclusion criteria. The results showed that cognitive reappraisal was correlated significantly and positively with positive indicators of mental health ( r=.26) and negatively with negative indicators of mental health ( r=–.20). Expressive suppression was correlated negatively with positive indicators of mental health ( r=–.12), and positively with negative indicators of mental health ( r=.15). Expressive suppression was correlated positively with positive indicators of mental health within the category of samples with Western cultural values ( r=–.11) but not the category with Eastern cultural values. Moreover, the correlation of expressive suppression and negative indicators of mental health was stronger in the Western cultural values category ( r=.19) than in the Eastern cultural values category ( r=.06). Therefore, it is necessary for follow-up studies about emotion regulation and mental health to consider some moderator variable like the culture.

scholarly journals The association between socioeconomic disadvantage and children’s working memory abilities: A systematic review and meta-analysis

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. e0260788
Author(s):  
Kate E. Mooney ◽  
Stephanie L. Prady ◽  
Mary M. Barker ◽  
Kate E. Pickett ◽  
Amanda H. Waterman
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Working Memory ◽  
Socioeconomic Position ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Socioeconomic Disadvantage ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Harvest Plot

Background and objective Working memory is an essential cognitive skill for storing and processing limited amounts of information over short time periods. Researchers disagree about the extent to which socioeconomic position affects children’s working memory, yet no study has systematically synthesised the literature regarding this topic. The current review therefore aimed to investigate the relationship between socioeconomic position and working memory in children, regarding both the magnitude and the variability of the association. Methods The review protocol was registered on PROSPERO and the PRISMA checklist was followed. Embase, Psycinfo and MEDLINE were comprehensively searched via Ovid from database inception until 3rd June 2021. Studies were screened by two reviewers at all stages. Studies were eligible if they included typically developing children aged 0–18 years old, with a quantitative association reported between any indicator of socioeconomic position and children’s working memory task performance. Studies were synthesised using two data-synthesis methods: random effects meta-analyses and a Harvest plot. Key findings The systematic review included 64 eligible studies with 37,737 individual children (aged 2 months to 18 years). Meta-analyses of 36 of these studies indicated that socioeconomic disadvantage was associated with significantly lower scores working memory measures; a finding that held across different working memory tasks, including those that predominantly tap into storage (d = 0.45; 95% CI 0.27 to 0.62) as well as those that require processing of information (d = 0.52; 0.31 to 0.72). A Harvest plot of 28 studies ineligible for meta-analyses further confirmed these findings. Finally, meta-regression analyses revealed that the association between socioeconomic position and working memory was not moderated by task modality, risk of bias, socioeconomic indicator, mean age in years, or the type of effect size. Conclusion This is the first systematic review to investigate the association between socioeconomic position and working memory in children. Socioeconomic disadvantage was associated with lower working memory ability in children, and that this association was similar across different working memory tasks. Given the strong association between working memory, learning, and academic attainment, there is a clear need to share these findings with practitioners working with children, and investigate ways to support children with difficulties in working memory.

scholarly journals Modulation of Visual Working Memory Performance via Different Theta Frequency Stimulations

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1358
Author(s):  
Xue Guo ◽  
Ziyuan Li ◽  
Liangyou Zhang ◽  
Qiang Liu
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Performance Enhancement ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation ◽  
Memory Representations ◽  
The Right ◽  
Memory Resources

Previous studies have found that transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) can significantly enhance individuals’ working memory performance. However, it is still unclear whether the memory performance enhancement was attributed to the quantity or the quality of working memory. The current study applies tACS over the right parietal cortex at slower (4 Hz) and faster (7 Hz) frequencies to participants with high and low working memory capacities in a color recall memory task. This enabled us to explore the tACS effects on the quantity and quality of the working memory for individuals with different memory capacities. The results revealed that slower frequency (4 Hz) tACS enhanced the quality of memory representations, and faster frequency (7 Hz) tACS principally impaired the quantity of working memory. The underlying mechanism of this effect might be that tACS at different frequencies modulate the memory resources, which then selectively affect the quantity and quality of memory representations. Importantly, individual traits, as well as memory strategies, may be crucial factors to consider when testing the effect of tACS on working memory performance.

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