scholarly journals DNA reconciles morphology and colouration in the drunk blenny genus Scartichthys (Teleostei: Blenniidae) and provides insights into their evolutionary history

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erwan Delrieu-Trottin ◽  
Hans Hartmann Salvo ◽  
Pablo Saenz Agudelo ◽  
Mauricio F. Landaeta ◽  
Alejandro Pérez Matus
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Behaviour ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Valid Species ◽  
Integrative Approach ◽  
South American ◽  
Traditional Taxonomy ◽  
Herbivore Species ◽  
Morphological And Molecular Data ◽  
Colour Patterns ◽  
Time Of Divergence

AbstractThe blenniids of the genus Scartichthys represent key herbivore species of central and south American Pacific coastal reefs. Yet Scartichthys spp. remain difficult to identify in the field, especially across the c.a 6000 km where three of the four currently accepted species are known to occur in sympatry. The main diagnostic characters from traditional taxonomy that have been used to revise this genus are indeed elusive. At the same time, species can display multiple colour patterns in the field, depending on the ontogenetic stage, habitat association, and/or reproductive behaviour. Overall, molecular characterization is warranted to help address these issues. Here, we used a combination of colouration, morphological and molecular data for the first time, including specimens representative of the four currently valid species and seven described colour patterns. Our integrative approach revealed that only three of the four species should be considered as valid; Scartichthys gigas (Steindachner, 1876), S. variolatus (Valenciennes, 1836) and S. viridis (Valenciennes, 1836); while S. crapulatus Williams 1990 should be synonymized with S. viridis. In the same way, our analyses show that one of the colour patterns attributed so far to S. gigas is characteristic of the juvenile stages of S. viridis. Our time-calibrated phylogeny shows that this genus is relatively young, with an estimated time of divergence between Scartichthys gigas and S. viridis of around 1.71 Ma. In comparison, the Desventuradas and Juan Fernandez Islands endemic S. variolatus diverged about 1.95 Ma. Our results help to clarify the taxonomy of the Scartichthys genus.

scholarly journals Loose Ends in the Cortinarius Phylogeny: Five New Myxotelamonoid Species Indicate a High Diversity of These Ectomycorrhizal Fungi with South American Nothofagaceae

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 420
Author(s):  
María Eugenia Salgado Salomón ◽  
Carolina Barroetaveña ◽  
Tuula Niskanen ◽  
Kare Liimatainen ◽  
Matthew E. Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
South American ◽  
Edible Fungi ◽  
Rdna Its ◽  
Morphological And Molecular Data ◽  
High Diversity

This paper is a contribution to the current knowledge of taxonomy, ecology and distribution of South American Cortinarius (Pers.) Gray. Cortinarius is among the most widely distributed and species-rich basidiomycete genera occurring with South American Nothofagaceae and species are found in many distinct habitats, including shrublands and forests. Due to their ectomycorrhizal role, Cortinarius species are critical for nutrient cycling in forests, especially at higher latitudes. Some species have also been reported as edible fungi with high nutritional quality. Our aim is to unravel the taxonomy of selected Cortinarius belonging to phlegmacioid and myxotelamonioid species based on morphological and molecular data. After widely sampling Cortinarius specimens in Patagonian Nothofagaceae forests and comparing them to reference collections (including holotypes), we propose five new species of Cortinarius in this work. Phylogenetic analyses of concatenated rDNA ITS-LSU and RPB1 sequences failed to place these new species into known Cortinarius sections or lineages. These findings highlight our knowledge gaps regarding the fungal diversity of South American Nothofagaceae forests. Due to the high diversity of endemic Patagonian taxa, it is clear that the South American Cortinarius diversity needs to be discovered and described in order to understand the evolutionary history of Cortinarius on a global scale.

scholarly journals Colouration, chaetotaxy and molecular data provide species-level resolution in a species complex of Dicranocentrus (Collembola : Entomobryidae)

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 1298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feng Zhang ◽  
Daoyuan Yu ◽  
Mark I. Stevens ◽  
Yinhuan Ding
Keyword(s):  
Species Complex ◽  
Instar Larva ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Integrative Taxonomy ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Integrative Approach ◽  
Gene Markers ◽  
Late Neogene ◽  
Taxonomic Approach ◽  
Colour Patterns

Integrative taxonomic approaches are increasingly providing species-level resolution to ‘cryptic’ diversity. In the absence of an integrative taxonomic approach, formal species validation is often lacking because of inadequate morphological diagnoses. Colouration and chaetotaxy are the most commonly used characters in collembolan taxonomy but can cause confusion in species diagnoses because these characters often have large intraspecific variation. Here, we take an integrative approach to the genus Dicranocentrus in China where four species have been previously recognised, but several members of the genus have been morphologically grouped as a species complex based on having paired outer teeth on unguis and seven colour patterns. Molecular delimitations based on distance- and evolutionary models recovered four candidate lineages from three gene markers and revealed that speciation events likely occurred during the late Neogene (4–13million years ago). Comparison of intact dorsal chaetotaxy, whose homologies were erected on the basis of first instar larva, further validated these candidates as formal species: D. gaoligongensis, sp. nov., D. similis, sp. nov., D. pallidus, sp. nov. and D. varicolor, sp. nov., and increase the number of Dicranocentrus species from China to eight. Our study further highlights the importance of adequate taxonomy in linking morphological and molecular characters within integrative taxonomy.

Taxonomy of the Sylvilagus brasiliensis complex in Central and South America (Lagomorpha: Leporidae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 100 (5) ◽  
pp. 1599-1630 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis A Ruedas ◽  
Sofia Marques Silva ◽  
Johnnie H French ◽  
Roy Nelson Platt ◽  
Jorge Salazar-Bravo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Type Material ◽  
Valid Species ◽  
South American ◽  
Species Status ◽  
Neotropical Species ◽  
Nomen Dubium ◽  
Taxonomic Framework

Abstract A taxonomic framework for South American cottontail rabbits (Lagomorpha: Leporidae: Sylvilagus) was recently published by Diersing and Wilson (2017). Although we agree with some of its taxonomic conclusions (e.g., species status for S. apollinaris and S. fulvescens), we disagree with others. We provide herein evidence supporting S. andinus as a valid species based on morphological characters and novel molecular data. We also provide details of the morphological characters of S. apollinaris and S. fulvescens that support separating these from S. brasiliensis. We adduce data suggestive to the effect that—absent any type material—S. defilippi is at best a nomen dubium. Finally, we provide evidence in support of recognizing additional Neotropical species of Sylvilagus. Un esquema taxonómico para los conejos sudamericanos (Lagomorpha: Leporidae: Sylvilagus) fue recientemente publicado por Diersing y Wilson (2017). Aunque estamos de acuerdo con algunas de sus conclusiones (por ejemplo: estatus de especie válida para S. apollinaris y S. fulvescens), no estamos de acuerdo con las restantes conclusiones taxonómicas. Aportamos aquí pruebas convincentes sobre la característica naturaleza de los caracteres morfológicos y moleculares de S. andinus, pruebas que esgrimimos en apoyo de la hipótesis que esta última es una especie válida, así confirmando su escisión de S. brasiliensis. Proporcionamos detalles de los caracteres morfológicos de S. apollinaris y S. fulvescens que confirman la decisión taxonómica de asimismo separarlos de S. brasiliensis. Proporcionamos datos en aditamento que indican que a falta de cualquier material tipo para S. defilippi, este nombre es en el mejor de los casos un nomen dubium. Finalmente, ofrecemos datos y evidencia apoyando nuestras decisiones de reconocer un mayor número de especies Neotropicales de Sylvilagus que previamente se conocían.

The American Proteaceae

1998 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghillean T. Prance ◽  
Vanessa Plana
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Central American ◽  
General Distribution ◽  
South American ◽  
Land Bridge ◽  
Eastern Brazil ◽  
The Family ◽  
Single Genus ◽  
Morphological And Molecular Data

The American Proteaceae are outliers from the main centres of diversity of the family in Australia and South Africa. There are about 83 species in eight genera which all belong to the monophyletic subfamily Grevilleoideae. Three genera, Embothrium, Oreocallis and Lomatia, are placed in the tribe Embothrieae (sensu Johnson and Briggs), four Euplassa, Gevuina, Panopsis and Roupala in the Macadamieae and the single genus Orites in the Oriteae. There are five genera endemic to America and three also have species in Australia and New Guinea (Gevuina, Lomatia and Orites). The Proteaceae appear to have arrived in South America via two routes. The larger genera Euplassa, Panopsis and Roupala, which are all endemic to America and have a general distribution in northern South America and south-eastern Brazil, are derived from Gondwanaland before it separated from South America. The remaining genera are distributed either in temperate South America or in the high Andes and appear to have arrived more recently via the Australia–Antarctica–South American connection. Three of these genera have species in both regions. The centres of species diversity of Euplassa, Panopsis and Roupala fall outside hypothesised forest refugia, indicating that they are not true rainforest species but species of seasonal habitats like those achieved at higher altitudes where they are commonly found. Two genera,Panopsis and Roupala, have reached Central America after the central American land bridge was formed six million years ago. The exact relationship to genera on other continents is still unclear and there is a need for a cladistic biogeographic analysis of the group based on both morphological and molecular data.

Reassessment of the species Stigeoclonium polyrhizum (Chaetophoraceae, Chaetophorales) based on morphological and molecular data

Phytotaxa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 333 (1) ◽  
pp. 86 ◽  
Author(s):  
BENWEN LIU ◽  
XUDONG LIU ◽  
QINGHUA WANG ◽  
ZHENGYU HU ◽  
GUOXIANG LIU
Keyword(s):  
Related Species ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Ssu Rdna ◽  
Juvenile Stage ◽  
Valid Species ◽  
Mature Stage ◽  
Branch Development ◽  
Morphological And Molecular Data ◽  
Main Filament

Four specimens of Stigeoclonium spp., sampled in China between 2015 and 2016, were identified as the species Stigeoclonium polyrhizum (Chaetophoraceae, Chaetophorales) due to their unique morphology. A large part of the main filament and branches was tightly enclosed by numerous rhizoidal branches, which extended downward to the base of the plant to form an expanded holdfast. S. polyrhizum has previously been regarded as a synonym of S. longipilum or other related species by most phycologists. Therefore, a reassessment of S. polyrhizum based on morphological and molecular data was conducted. Rhizoidal branch development of S. polyrhizum was also described, showing the abundant rhizoidal branches present from the juvenile stage to the mature stage under controlled culture conditions. Phylogenetic evidence, using nuclear-encoded SSU rDNA data, clearly revealed that the Chaetophoraceae diverged into two well-supported sister clades: the Chaetophora-clade and the Fritschiella-clade. S. polyrhizum was included in the Fritschiella-clade instead of the Chaetophora-clade where Chaetophora draparnaldioides (S. longipilum) was found. The morphological and molecular data unambiguously show that S. polyrhizum is a valid species rather than a synonym of S. longipilum or other related species. Thylakoid bands appressed to the periphery of the pyrenoid matrix of S. polyrhizum was also described.

Arcanumophis, a new genus and generic allocation for Erythrolamprus problematicus (Myers 1986), Xenodontinae (Colubridae) from the Cordillera de Carabaya, southern Peru

Zootaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4671 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHRISTOPHER R. SMAGA ◽  
ALEX TTITO ◽  
ALESSANDRO CATENAZZI
Keyword(s):  
New Genus ◽  
Original Description ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Sister Taxon ◽  
South American ◽  
Single Specimen ◽  
Snake Species ◽  
Southern Peru ◽  
The Status ◽  
Morphological And Molecular Data

The systematics of South American Xenodontinae snakes has experienced large changes and improvements as a result of recent studies employing molecular data. Herein we assess the status of the rare Peruvian snake species, Erythrolamprus problematicus (Dipsadidae, Xenodontinae, Xenodontini), previously known from a single specimen collected in 1950. Based on new morphological and molecular data from a second specimen that we collected, we confirmed the presence of a crease in the rostral scale, mentioned in the original description (a unique trait among the Xenodontini), and recovered E. problematicus as the sister-taxon of all other Xenodontini, instead of nested among the current Erythrolamprus. Therefore, our phylogenetic results justify the erection of a new genus to accommodate the species. 

Morphological and molecular diversity in the freshwater crab Potamon ruttneri-P. gedrosianum species complex (Decapoda, Brachyura) indicate the need for taxonomic revision

Crustaceana ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alireza Keikhosravi ◽  
Reza Naderloo ◽  
Christoph D. Schubart
Keyword(s):  
New Record ◽  
Molecular Diversity ◽  
Taxonomic Status ◽  
Taxonomic Revision ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Valid Species ◽  
Indus River ◽  
Mitochondrial 16S Rdna ◽  
Morphological And Molecular Data ◽  
Incomplete Sampling

Many species and subspecies of Potamon have been described from the easternmost distribution of the genus in the western tributaries of the Indus River. Most of them were synonymised subsequently under the two names of currently valid species known from the region: Potamon gedrosianum Alcock, 1909 and Potamon ruttneri Pretzmann, 1962. Genetic and morphological information, based on mitochondrial 16S rDNA and the first male gonopod (G1), were gathered in the course of the present study. The corresponding results suggest the occurrence of four groups and question the taxonomic status of both species. We also revise the distribution range of both species, in particular that of P. gedrosianum, with a new record from Iran. Overall, the study reveals the need for a major revision using further morphological and molecular data. Because of the complexity of this necessary revision and the incomplete sampling, we here refrain from proposing any taxonomic conclusions.

scholarly journals Diversity and distribution of Epeorus (Caucasiron) (Ephemeroptera, Heptageniidae) in Iran, with descriptions of three new species

ZooKeys ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 947 ◽  
pp. 71-102
Author(s):  
Ľuboš Hrivniak ◽  
Pavel Sroka ◽  
Jindřiška Bojková ◽  
Roman J. Godunko ◽  
Javid Imanpour Namin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Habitat Preferences ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Central Iran ◽  
Integrative Approach ◽  
Northern Iran ◽  
Coi Sequences ◽  
Morphological And Molecular Data ◽  
Three New Species ◽  
First Time

Combining morphological and molecular data in an integrative approach, three new mayfly species of Epeorus (Caucasiron) are described. These include Epeorus (Caucasiron) alborzicus Hrivniak & Sroka, sp. nov. and Epeorus (Caucasiron) shargi Hrivniak & Sroka, sp. nov. from northern Iran, and Epeorus (Caucasiron) zagrosicus Hrivniak & Sroka, sp. nov. from central Iran. They are unambiguously delimited using both distance-based and likelihood-based approaches in the analyses of barcode COI sequences. Each new species is compared with other species of the subgenus and morphological diagnostic characters are provided. Based on extensive sampling of streams throughout the country, the distribution and habitat preferences of all Caucasiron species in Iran are assessed. Altogether, there are now six species recorded, among them also E. (C.) nigripilosus Sinitshenkova, 1976 is reported for the first time in Iran. Five species are distributed in the Alborz Mts. in northern Iran, one species was found in the Zagros Mts. in central Iran.

scholarly journals Perlidae (Plecoptera) from the Paranapiacaba Mountains, Atlantic Forest, Brazil: Diversity and implications of the integrative approach and teneral specimens on taxonomy

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. e0243393
Author(s):  
Lucas Henrique de Almeida ◽  
Pitágoras da Conceição Bispo
Keyword(s):  
New Record ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Integrative Taxonomy ◽  
Coi Gene ◽  
Southeastern Brazil ◽  
Integrative Approach ◽  
South American ◽  
Neighbor Joining ◽  
Previous Record ◽  
Coi Sequences

The study of complementary sources of biological variation (e.g. morphological, molecular) has allowed a better understanding of biodiversity through the construction of an integrative taxonomy. Using this approach, specimens from the Paranapiacaba Mountains, southeastern Brazil, were studied to update the knowledge on the stonefly family Perlidae from the region, characterize the species, and make associations between nymphs and adults using a fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. The study also discusses the implications of integrative taxonomy and teneral specimens for the study of South American Perlidae. The molecular data were analyzed using Bayesian inference, Neighbor-joining, and delimiting species methods. Our results revealed that, in general, there was a morphological and molecular congruence between species. In the Paranapiacaba Mountains, three genera and 15 species were recorded: Anacroneuria boraceiensis Froehlich 2004, A. debilis (Pictet 1841) (new record), A. fiorentini De Ribeiro and Froehlich 2007 (new record), A. flintorum Froehlich 2002, A. iporanga Bispo and Froehlich 2004, A. itajaimirim Bispo and Froehlich 2004, A. polita (Burmeister 1913), A. subcostalis Klapálek 1921, A. tupi Bispo and Froehlich 2004 (with a description of the nymph), Kempnyia auberti Froehlich 1996, K. colossica (Navás 1934), K. flava Klapálek 1916, K. neotropica (Jacobson and Bianchi 1905) (including its new junior synonym K. petersorum Froehlich 1996), Kempnyia sp., and Macrogynoplax veneranda Froehlich 1984. COI sequences were obtained for 11 species, five of which had nymphs associated with adults. Among the five associated nymphs, the nymph of A. tupi is described here. The results of this study indicate that the color of adult teneral specimens differs from that of mature specimens. Given this, the synonym of K. neotropica and K. petersorum was proposed since these species have high morphological and molecular similarities and differ only in color patterns. In addition, the previous record of A. petersi Froehlich 2002 from the Paranapiacaba Mountains was invalidated since it was considered a teneral specimen of A. flintorum. These results suggest that the development of an integrative taxonomy is essential to continue advancing the study of Perlidae diversity in South America.

scholarly journals Experimental taxonomy exposes ontogenetic variability and elucidates the taxonomic value of claw configuration in MilnesiumDoyère, 1840 (Tardigrada: Eutardigrada: Apochela)

2016 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Witold Morek ◽  
Piotr Gąsiorek ◽  
Daniel Stec ◽  
Brian Blagden ◽  
Łukasz Michalczyk
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Mitochondrial Gene ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Valid Species ◽  
Species Differentiation ◽  
28S Rrna ◽  
Configuration Change ◽  
Gene Coi ◽  
Diagnostic Key ◽  
Morphological And Molecular Data

In this paper we describe a new apochelan species, Milnesium variefidumsp. nov. from Scotland and provide novel morphological and molecular data for Milnesium berladnicorumCiobanu et al., 2014. The new species differs from the most similar M. berladnicorumby the presence of developmental dimorphism in claw configuration, absent or weakly developed cuticular bars under claws I-III, a different arrangement of cuticular pseudoplates, and by differences in the sequences of three nuclear DNA fragments: 18S rRNA (p-distance: 0.6%), 28S rRNA (2.0%), ITS-2 (9.3%), and on mitochondrial gene COI (12.4%). Although ontogenetic claw configuration change was suspected to occur in some Milnesiumspecies, we are the first to document it through the combined use of traditional, molecular and experimental methodologies. We discuss the implications of the observed phenomenon for the taxonomy of the genus and propose a new diagnostic key to all Milnesiumspecies described up to the end of 2015. We also review other traits used for species differentiation in the genus and offer recommendations to improve the quality of future descriptions as well as suggest a need for integrative redescriptions of the known species. Finally, we propose to suppress M. dujiangensisand M. tardigradum trispinosumand suggest that M. alpigenumand M. quadrifidumare valid species that require thorough redescriptions.

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