When is it Worth Working for Water? A Utility Maximization Theory

Mapping Intimacies ◽

10.1101/2021.03.01.433467 ◽

2021 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Pamela Reinagel

Keyword(s):

Reward Magnitude ◽

Water Consumption ◽

Utility Maximization ◽

Lamina Terminalis ◽

Analytic Model ◽

Total Work ◽

Model Based ◽

Behavioral Observations ◽

Neural Substrate ◽

Insight Into

AbstractIn nature, amount of work an animal must do to obtain a resource like water depends on conditions in the environment. Conditions change, so it would behoove animals to allocate effort flexibly such that they work enough, but not more than necessary. To study this, we maintained rats in an environment where all water was earned in a task. We varied the reward magnitude and measured voluntary effort and water consumption. The rats did more trials per day when the reward per trial was smaller, yet worked for more water per day when rewards were larger. We propose an analytic model based on utility maximization which can account for these behavioral observations. The model is fit with per-day total work and consumption, but provides insight into the timing of trials and implicates lamina terminalis as a candidate neural substrate.

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A Factor Analytic Model of College Studen Development

NASPA Journal ◽

10.2202/0027-6014.1087 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 36 (4) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ellen Lavelle ◽

Bill Rickford

Keyword(s):

Higher Education ◽

College Student ◽

Student Development ◽

Perspective Taking ◽

College Student Development ◽

Analytic Model ◽

Model Based ◽

Factor Analytic Model ◽

Factor Analytic ◽

Self Discovery

Models of college student development have demonstrated an insensitivity to the differences that exist among various students, although such differences are very important in a world where student bodies in higher education are increasingly diverse. The authors present a model based on The Dakota Inventory of Student Orientations, which may be useful for program developmen that fosters reflection, self discovery, perspective-taking, and collaboration among students with varying orientations towards learning.

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A novel virtual machine allocation model based on utility maximization in cloud environment

Third International Conference on Cyberspace Technology (CCT 2015) ◽

10.1049/cp.2015.0870 ◽

2015 ◽

Author(s):

Jie Luo ◽

Zhiming Zhang ◽

Qiwu Wu

Keyword(s):

Virtual Machine ◽

Utility Maximization ◽

Cloud Environment ◽

Allocation Model ◽

Model Based ◽

Machine Allocation ◽

Virtual Machine Allocation

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Shared and Independent Neural Representation Between Visual Perception and Mental Imagery

10.21203/rs.3.rs-788978/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Yingying Huang ◽

Frank Pollick ◽

Ming Liu ◽

Delong Zhang

Keyword(s):

Visual Perception ◽

Mental Imagery ◽

Activity Patterns ◽

Neural Representation ◽

Gabor Features ◽

Visual Areas ◽

Neural Substrate ◽

Early Visual Cortex ◽

Human Participants ◽

Insight Into

Abstract Visual mental imagery and visual perception have been shown to share a hierarchical topological visual structure of neural representation. Meanwhile, many studies have reported a dissociation of neural substrate between mental imagery and perception in function and structure. However, we have limited knowledge about how the visual hierarchical cortex involved into internally generated mental imagery and perception with visual input. Here we used a dataset from previous fMRI research (Horikawa & Kamitani, 2017), which included a visual perception and an imagery experiment with human participants. We trained two types of voxel-wise encoding models, based on Gabor features and activity patterns of high visual areas, to predict activity in the early visual cortex (EVC, i.e., V1, V2, V3) during perception, and then evaluated the performance of these models during mental imagery. Our results showed that during perception and imagery, activities in the EVC could be independently predicted by the Gabor features and activity of high visual areas via encoding models, which suggested that perception and imagery might share neural representation in the EVC. We further found that there existed a Gabor-specific and a non-Gabor-specific neural response pattern to stimuli in the EVC, which were shared by perception and imagery. These findings provide insight into mechanisms of how visual perception and imagery shared representation in the EVC.

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Negatives and positives in the language of politics

Journal of Language and Politics ◽

10.1075/jlp.6.3.12che ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 475-501 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Lily Chen

Keyword(s):

English Language ◽

Analytic Model ◽

Indirect Speech ◽

Model Based ◽

Process Use ◽

Verbal Process ◽

Verbal Processes ◽

The Uk ◽

China Daily

An analytic model based on MAK Halliday’s System of Transitivity provides a powerful tool for decoding a journalist’s attitude to the events or individuals being written about. Chen (2005) showed how in the UK Times use of certain verbal processes rather than others to introduce direct or indirect speech could be an indicator that the journalist’s attitude towards the person being quoted was either negative or positive. In this study, using a model for the linguistic comparison of the British and Chinese press developed by Chen (2004), verbal process use in the UK Times and the English-language China Daily is contrasted for evidence of differences in the attitude of British and Chinese journalists towards political figures. The evidence is clear. Times journalists frequently use ‘negative’ verbal processes which indicate doubt or scepticism towards the person being quoted. China Daily journalists, meanwhile, more often use ‘positive’ verbal processes which enhance the authority of the speaker.

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Tissue-specific transformation model for CT-images

Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering ◽

10.1515/cdbme-2017-0111 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 525-528

Author(s):

Kathrin Bartelheimer ◽

Hendrik Teske ◽

Rolf Bendl ◽

Kristina Giske

Keyword(s):

Ct Images ◽

Tissue Growth ◽

Transformation Model ◽

Deformation Analysis ◽

Skeleton Model ◽

Volume Calculation ◽

Model Based ◽

The Impact ◽

Model Characteristic ◽

Insight Into

AbstractDuring radiotherapy, posture changes and volume changing deformations like growing or shrinking tissue result in anatomical deformations. The basis for investigating the impact of such deformations on dose uncertainties, are model-based tools for deformation analysis. In this context, we propose a transformation model based on the information of CT-images, which allows an on-the-fly calculation of voxel volumes. Our model is based on the concept of the chainmail algorithm and describes deformation on voxel-level. With an exemplary input of a set of landmark pairs, generated by a kinematic head-and-neck skeleton model, CT-images (512x512x126 voxel) can be deformed with an on-the-fly volume calculation in less than 70s. The volume calculation delivers insight into model-characteristic volume changes and is a prerequisite for implementing tissue growth and shrinkage.

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Activation of kidney-directed neurons in the lamina terminalis by alterations in body fluid balance

AJP Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpregu.2001.281.5.r1637 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 281 (5) ◽

pp. R1637-R1646 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

D. J. Sly ◽

M. J. McKinley ◽

B. J. Oldfield

Keyword(s):

Hypertonic Saline ◽

Fluid Balance ◽

Body Fluid ◽

Water Deprivation ◽

Pseudorabies Virus ◽

Lamina Terminalis ◽

Ang Ii ◽

Fos Protein ◽

Neural Substrate ◽

Body Fluid Balance

This study was undertaken to determine if neurons in the lamina terminalis, previously identified as projecting to the kidney (35), were responsive to alterations in stimuli associated with fluid balance homeostasis. Neurons in the lamina terminalis projecting to the kidney were identified by the retrograde transynaptic transport of Bartha's strain of pseudorabies virus in anesthetized rats. Rats were also exposed to 24-h water deprivation, intravenous hypertonic saline, or intracerebroventricular ANG II. To determine if “kidney-directed” neurons were activated following each stimulus, brain sections that included the lamina terminalis were examined immunohistochemically for viral antigen and Fos protein. With the exception of ANG II in the subfornical organ, all regions of the lamina terminalis contained neurons that were significantly activated by water deprivation, hypertonic saline, and ANG II. These results provide evidence for a neural substrate, which may underpin some of the effects of hypertonic saline and ANG II on renal function thought to be mediated through the lamina terminalis.

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