scholarly journals Captive-breeding and catch-and-release’s effects on the reproductive success of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Bouchard ◽  
K. Wellband ◽  
L. Lecomte ◽  
L. Bernatchez ◽  
J. April
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Captive Breeding ◽  
Mature Male ◽  
Reproductive Pattern ◽  
Conservation Practices ◽  
Catch And Release ◽  
Risks And Benefits ◽  
Mature Male Parr

AbstractCaptive-breeding programs as well as and catch-and-release are among the most commonly adopted conservation practices in recreational fisheries. However, risks and benefits associated with their implementation are rarely evaluated. In the case of Atlantic Salmon, while previous studies revealed that captive-bred fish show reduced fitness compared to their wild counterparts in nature. Yet, few examined the extent and causes of their reduced reproductive success or directly compared their contribution to enhance genetic diversity to that of wild fish, including mature male parr. Furthermore, only one study specifically measured the reproductive success of caught and released Atlantic salmon in natural settings, and no study to date evaluated if released salmon are able to reproduce when released at temperature above 20°C which is known to increase post-release mortality. Here, we use high-throughput microsatellite sequencing of 38 loci to accurately assign 2500 offspring to a comprehensive set of possible parents from a supplemented Atlantic salmon population in Québec, Canada. The resolved molecular pedigree provided informative insight on the reproductive pattern of both captive-bred salmon and caught-and-released salmon. Captive-bred salmon had fewer partners than their wild conspecifics which lead to a significant reduction of reproductive success relative to that of their wild counterparts. Supplementation of captive-bred salmon significantly contributed to increase genetic diversity but mature male parr did so to an even greater extent and significantly inflated the number of alleles found among offspring. Moreover, our results showed that that at least 83% of caught-and-released salmon did successfully reproduced although caught-and-released female salmon have a significantly reduced reproductive success, averaging 73% of the reproductive output of non-caught salmon. Reproductive success of released salmon was not influenced by water temperature over 20°C which suggests either that the studied population is locally adapted to warm waters or that they behaviorally regulated body temperature by accessing nearby thermal refugia. Our results should help refining managers’ ability to analyze the risks and benefits associated with captive-breeding and catch-and-release, and thus, optimize conservation practices used for the preservation of Atlantic salmon populations.

Spawning behaviour and success of mature male Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr of farmed and wild origin

2005 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 1153-1160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura K Weir ◽  
Jeffrey A Hutchings ◽  
Ian A Fleming ◽  
Sigurd Einum
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Large Male ◽  
Mature Male ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Spawning Behaviour ◽  
Mature Male Parr ◽  
Variance In Reproductive Success

We examined genetic differences in the reproduction of an alternative maturation phenotype in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) by comparing the spawning behaviour and success among farmed, first-generation hybrid, and wild mature male parr raised in similar environments. Parr competed for spawning opportunities in the presence of either wild or farmed large males. There were no consistent differences among groups in aggression; however, there were differences in spawning participation with respect to large male origin and among parr types. There was a strong negative temporal effect on mature male parr spawning participation that differed by parr type; wild and farmed parr were most likely to participate in early spawnings, with hybrids being the most likely to participate in late spawnings. Overall, parr were also less likely to participate in spawnings involving large farmed males. Variance in reproductive success was higher among parr than among large males. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that there are genetically based behavioural differences among mature male parr of farmed and wild origin that may potentially lead to differences in reproductive success.

Effects of habitat on individual reproductive success of mature male parr of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar

2010 ◽  
Vol 77 (10) ◽  
pp. 2460-2466 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Grimardias ◽  
N. Merchermek ◽  
A. Manicki ◽  
J. Chebaux ◽  
P. Gaudin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Mature Male ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Mature Male Parr

Reproductive success of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) mature male parr in a small river, the Nivelle: influence of shelters

2010 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 510-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Grimardias ◽  
N. Merchermek ◽  
A. Manicki ◽  
J. Garnier ◽  
P. Gaudin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Mature Male ◽  
Small River ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Mature Male Parr

Electrophysiological and endocrinological evidence that F-series prostaglandins function as priming pheromones in mature male Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar parr

1996 ◽  
Vol 199 (10) ◽  
pp. 2307-2316 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Moore ◽  
C P Waring
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Olfactory Epithelium ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Detection Threshold ◽  
Mature Female ◽  
Mature Male ◽  
Reproductive Physiology ◽  
Electrophysiological Studies ◽  
Female Urine ◽  
Mature Male Parr

Previous work has demonstrated that the urine from mature female salmonids contains a priming pheromone that significantly enhances the reproductive physiology of receiving males. The chemical identity of the pheromone(s) has not yet been identified. The present study investigated the possibility that F-type prostaglandins (PGFs) may have a pheromonal role in Atlantic salmon by measuring the olfactory sensitivity of male salmon to PGFs, the effect of waterborne PGFs on male reproductive physiology and the PGF content of mature female urine. Electrophysiological studies demonstrated that the olfactory epithelium of mature male salmon parr was acutely sensitive to PGF1[alpha] and PGF2[alpha], with detection threshold concentrations of 10(-11) mol l-1. The olfactory epithelium was also sensitive to the PGF metabolite 15-ketoPGF2[alpha] (threshold 10(-8) mol l-1), but did not detect a further metabolite, 13,14-dihydro-15-ketoPGF2[alpha]. Sensitivity to both PGF1[alpha] and PGF2[alpha] increased as the reproductive season progressed. Exposure of mature male parr to waterborne PGF1[alpha] and PGF2[alpha] (10(-8) mol l-1) resulted in significant increases in levels of expressible milt and in the plasma concentrations of 17,20ss-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one, testosterone and 11-ketotestosterone. Urine from ovulated female salmon also contained large quantities (18 ng ml-1) of immunoreactive PGFs, whereas urine from mature males and non-ovulated mature females contained significantly smaller amounts (<1 ng ml-1). The results support the theory that PGFs function as priming pheromones in Atlantic salmon and are released in the urine of ovulated female salmon. The involvement of these pheromones in synchronising male-female salmon spawning is discussed.

Electrophoretic Assessment of the Contribution of Transplanted Scottish Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) to the Esva River (Northern Spain)

1994 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 248-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paloma Morán ◽  
Alberto M. Pendás ◽  
Eva Garcia-Vázquez ◽  
Jorge T. Izquierdo ◽  
Dennis T. Rutherford
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Gene Pool ◽  
Mature Male ◽  
Genetic Influence ◽  
Northern Spain ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Precocious Males ◽  
Mature Male Parr

The genetic influence of stocking on the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) population from the Spanish Esva River was analysed by electrophoresis of protein loci. Genetic variation within parr and mature male parr samples demonstrated that Scottish-origin parr stocked in 1990 survived the first summer. However, samples collected from returning adults in 1990 and 1991 did not indicate any contribution from previous stocking programs. Altered MEP-2* frequencies indicate that the native gene pool may have been disrupted by foreign genomes from precocious males or grilse.

Importance of the Variation in Life History Parameters of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)

1985 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 615-618 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard L. Saunders ◽  
Charles B. Schom
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Great Variability ◽  
Mature Male ◽  
Life History Parameters ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Sexually Mature ◽  
Mature Male Parr

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) demonstrate great variability in their life history; individuals from a given year-class can spawn during several years and can, therefore, breed with salmon from other year-classes. Atlantic salmon can mature after 1–4 sea-winters and some males mature as parr, during the second through fifth years, before going to sea. Salmon may survive to spawn more than once; some spawn several times. This variability in life history may be a safeguard against loss of small stocks through several successive years of reproductive failure, since nonspawning individuals in the river or at sea could spawn in subsequent years. Spawning populations are frequently quite small. The effective spawning population size may be potentially much larger, however, since members of several year-classes, including sexually mature male parr and anadromous adults of various ages, contribute to spawning. The level of inbreeding may be relatively low, since a number of year-classes, each with different sets of parents, are represented during spawning.

The Effect of Impoundment on the Population and Movement of Atlantic Salmon in Ellerslie Brook, Prince Edward Island

1960 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 453-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Saunders
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Mature Male ◽  
Freshwater Discharge ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Annual Variations ◽  
Sexually Mature ◽  
Mature Male Parr

During autumn spates Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) commonly enter the small spring-fed streams of Prince Edward Island and spawn. Annual variations in freshwater discharge from Ellerslie Brook were found to determine the number of salmon and time of ascent. A pond formed on the brook created a habitat that exercised a strong retaining influence on the movements of spawners, kelts, parr, and migrating smolts. Smolts which stayed in the pond suffered heavy mortalities.Movements by sexually mature male parr, within and between fresh and salt water, occurred in the fall. Some parr remained in the estuary (0–27‰ salinity) throughout the year. The pond provided a habitat for parr.Smolt transformation at ages II and III occurred in the stream, pond, and estuary in the spring. Pond and stream smolts of the same age group were similar in size when they migrated.

Significance of Mature Male Parr in a Small Population of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)

1989 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 928-931 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Hennsng L'abée-Lund
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Effective Population Size ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Small Population ◽  
Mature Male ◽  
Effective Population ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Mature Male Parr

The spawning population of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, (mature male parr and adults (anadromous salmon)) were assessed in the River Baevra, central Norway, when the river was treated with rotenone in November 1986. The spawning population of adults consisted of 15 males and 19 females. The spawning population of males consisted of 167 mature male parr per adult male. The effective population size of adults was small; Na = 33.5 individuals. The presence of mature male parr theoretically increased the effective population size to Na = 71.7 individuals. This increase indicated that mature male parr brought the effective population size above a recommended minimum (Na = 50) to ensure long term viability.

Mating structure of an endangered population of wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) as determined using sibship reconstruction and a novel method of sex inference

2012 ◽  
Vol 69 (8) ◽  
pp. 1352-1361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise G. de Mestral ◽  
Christophe M. Herbinger ◽  
Patrick T. O’Reilly
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Mature Male ◽  
Bay Of Fundy ◽  
Multilocus Genotype ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Genotype Information ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Mature Male Parr

The recent development of molecular genetic markers and methods of inferring relatedness among individuals using multilocus genotype information has allowed new insight into mating systems in the wild. Capitalising on the recently discovered linkage between the microsatellite locus Ssa202 and the sex-determining region of the Atlantic salmon Y chromosome, we developed a novel method to infer the sex of unsampled, wild-spawning parents of some of the few remaining wild, inner Bay of Fundy Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ). We inferred that most of the unsampled, reconstructed parents at the half-sib group level were likely polygamous females, while the parents at the full-sib group level (nested within half-sib groups) were likely monogamous males. Given the very low numbers of anadromous salmon returning to inner Bay of Fundy rivers to spawn, the putative male parents were likely mature male parr rather than anadromous males. This suggests that salmonid populations experiencing extreme declines may be composed of a high proportion of related individuals from relatively few sib groups and that mature male parr may provide an important genetic and demographic buffer to population decline.

Hybridization of the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) and brown trout (S. trutta L.)

2008 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-143
Author(s):  
A.A. Makhrov
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Brown Trout ◽  
Dna Markers ◽  
Complete Loss ◽  
Mature Male ◽  
F1 Hybrids ◽  
Mature Male Parr ◽  
Experimental Crosses

Hybrids between the Atlantic salmon and brown trout can be identifi ed on the basis of genes coding for several protein and DNA markers. Hybrids are found in all regions where the Atlantic salmon and brown trout are sympatric. The main causes of the hybridization are the sneaking of mature male parr, escape and release of cultivated fi shes, unstable river discharges, and overfi shing. In numerous experimental crosses, the survival of F1 hybrids varies from zero (a complete loss) to normal. Post-F1 hybridization sometimes results in gynogenesis, hybridogenesis and introgression. The role of hybridization in the evolution of Salmo is discussed.

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