Conservation of endangered galaxiid fishes in the Falkland Islands requires urgent action on invasive brown trout

Non-native salmonids are protected in the Southern hemisphere where they sustain aquaculture and valuable sport fisheries, but also impact on native galaxiid fishes, which poses a conservation conundrum. Legal protection and human-assisted secondary releases may have helped salmonids to spread, but this has seldom been tested. We reconstructed the introduction of brown trout (Salmo trutta) to the Falkland Islands using historical records and modelled its dispersal. Our results indicate that establishment success was ~88%, and that dispersal was facilitated by proximity to introduction sites and density of stream-road crossings, suggesting it was human assisted. Brown trout has already invaded 54% of Falkland rivers, which are 2.9-4.5 times less likely to contain native galaxiids than uninvaded streams. Without strong containment we predict brown trout will invade nearly all suitable freshwater habitats in the Falklands within the next ~70 years, which might put native freshwater fishes at a high risk of extinction