scholarly journals Enteric viruses nucleic acids distribution along the digestive tract of rhesus macaques with idiopathic chronic diarrhea

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Delwart ◽  
David Merriam ◽  
Amir Ardeshir ◽  
Eda Altan ◽  
Yanpeng Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Chronic Diarrhea ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Distal Colon ◽  
Viral Metagenomics ◽  
Dna Viruses ◽  
Mucosal Scraping ◽  
Rna And Dna ◽  
Lower Digestive Tract

AbstractIdiopathic chronic diarrhea (ICD) is a common clinical condition in captive rhesus macaques, claiming 33% of medical culls (i.e. deaths unrelated to research). Using viral metagenomics we characterized the eukaryotic virome in digestive tract tissues collected at necropsy from nine animals with ICD. We show the presence of multiple viruses in the Parvoviridae and Picornaviridae family. We then compared the distribution of viral reads in the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and the proximal, transverse, and distal colons. Tissues and mucosal scraping from the same locations showed closely related results while different gut tissues from the same animal varied widely. Picornavirus reads were generally more abundant in the lower digestive tract, particularly in the descending (distal) colon. Parvoviruses were more abundant in the upper reach particularly in the stomach. In situ hydridization (ISH) of fixed tissues showed punctuated staining for both these RNA and DNA viruses in the distal colon. Parvovirus ISH staining was also detected in the stomach/duodenum/jejunum in distinct oval-shaped structures. Therefore, the location of enteric viral nucleic acid differed widely between different viral families and along the length of the digestive tract.

scholarly journals Idiopathic chronic diarrhea in rhesus macaques is not associated with enteric viral infections

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Delwart ◽  
Michael J Tisza ◽  
Eda Altan ◽  
Yanpeng Li ◽  
Xutao Deng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rhesus Macaque ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Chronic Diarrhea ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Viral Metagenomics ◽  
Primate Research ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Viral Loads ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
Human Primate

While recent changes in treatment have reduced the lethality of idiopathic chronic diarrhea (ICD), this condition remains one of the most common causes of rhesus macaque deaths in non-human primate research centers. We compared the eukaryotic viromes in fecal swabs from 52 animals with ICD and 41 healthy animals. Viral metagenomics targeting virus-like particles was used to identify viruses shed by each animal. Five viruses belonging to the Picornaviridae, one to the Caliciviridae, one to the Parvoviridae, and one to the Adenoviridae families were identified. The fraction of reads matching each viral species was then used to estimate and compare viral loads in ICD cases versus healthy controls. None of the eukaryotic viruses detected in fecal swabs were strongly associated with ICD. Other potential causes of ICD are discussed.

scholarly journals Idiopathic Chronic Diarrhea in Rhesus Macaques Is Not Associated with Enteric Viral Infections

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 2503
Author(s):  
Eric Delwart ◽  
Michael J. Tisza ◽  
Eda Altan ◽  
Yanpeng Li ◽  
Xutao Deng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Late Stage ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Chronic Diarrhea ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Viral Metagenomics ◽  
Primate Research ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Viral Loads ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
Human Primate

While recent changes in treatment have reduced the lethality of idiopathic chronic diarrhea (ICD), this condition remains one of the most common causes of rhesus macaque deaths in non-human primate research centers. We compared the viromes in fecal swabs from 52 animals with late stage ICD and 41 healthy animals. Viral metagenomics targeting virus-like particles was used to identify viruses fecally shed by each animal. Five viruses belonging to the Picornaviridae, one to the Caliciviridae, one to the Parvoviridae, and one to the Adenoviridae families were identified. The fraction of reads matching each viral species was then used to estimate and compare viral loads in ICD cases versus healthy controls. None of the viruses detected in fecal swabs were strongly associated with ICD.

scholarly journals Transmission and Serial Propagation ofEnterocytozoon bieneusi from Humans and Rhesus Macaques in Gnotobiotic Piglets

1998 ◽  
Vol 66 (11) ◽  
pp. 5515-5519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivanela Kondova ◽  
Keith Mansfield ◽  
Michael A. Buckholt ◽  
Barry Stein ◽  
Giovanni Widmer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Chronic Diarrhea ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Enterocytozoon Bieneusi ◽  
Oral Challenge ◽  
Infected Piglet ◽  
Gnotobiotic Piglets

ABSTRACT For over a decade Enterocytozoon bieneusi infections in people with AIDS have been linked with chronic diarrhea and wasting. The slow scientific progress in treating these infections is attributed to the inability of investigators to cultivate the parasite, which has also precluded evaluation of effective therapies. We report here successful serial transmissions of E. bieneusi from patients with AIDS and from macaques with AIDS to immunosuppressed gnotobiotic piglets. One infected piglet was still excreting spores at necropsy 50 days after an oral challenge. Spores in feces were detected microscopically by trichrome stain and by PCR and within enterocytes by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. E. bieneusiinfection induced no symptoms. The development of an animal model forE. bieneusi will open up new opportunities for investigating this parasite.

scholarly journals Comparison of Different In Situ Hybridization Techniques for the Detection of Various RNA and DNA Viruses

Viruses ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Pfankuche ◽  
Kerstin Hahn ◽  
Rogier Bodewes ◽  
Florian Hansmann ◽  
André Habierski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Procedure Time ◽  
Positive Signal ◽  
Dna Viruses ◽  
Major Benefit ◽  
Rna Probes ◽  
Rna Probe ◽  
Rna And Dna

In situ hybridization (ISH) is a technique to determine potential correlations between viruses and lesions. The aim of the study was to compare ISH techniques for the detection of various viruses in different tissues. Tested RNA viruses include atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV) in the cerebellum of pigs, equine and bovine hepacivirus (EqHV, BovHepV) in the liver of horses and cattle, respectively, and Schmallenberg virus (SBV) in the cerebrum of goats. Examined DNA viruses comprise canine bocavirus 2 (CBoV-2) in the intestine of dogs, porcine bocavirus (PBoV) in the spinal cord of pigs and porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2) in cerebrum, lymph node, and lung of pigs. ISH with self-designed digoxigenin-labelled RNA probes revealed a positive signal for SBV, CBoV-2, and PCV-2, whereas it was lacking for APPV, BovHepV, EqHV, and PBoV. Commercially produced digoxigenin-labelled DNA probes detected CBoV-2 and PCV-2, but failed to detect PBoV. ISH with a commercially available fluorescent ISH (FISH)-RNA probe mix identified nucleic acids of all tested viruses. The detection rate and the cell-associated positive area using the FISH-RNA probe mix was highest compared to the results using other probes and protocols, representing a major benefit of this method. Nevertheless, there are differences in costs and procedure time.

scholarly journals PIAS1 potentiates the anti-EBV activity of SAMHD1 through SUMOylation

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Farjana Saiada ◽  
Kun Zhang ◽  
Renfeng Li
Keyword(s):  
Lytic Replication ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Dna Viruses ◽  
Post Translational Modifications ◽  
Protein Protein Interaction ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Sumo Ligase ◽  
Lysine Residues ◽  
Epstein Barr ◽  
Rna And Dna

Abstract Background Sterile alpha motif and HD domain 1 (SAMHD1) is a deoxynucleotide triphosphohydrolase (dNTPase) that restricts the infection of a variety of RNA and DNA viruses, including herpesviruses. The anti-viral function of SAMHD1 is associated with its dNTPase activity, which is regulated by several post-translational modifications, including phosphorylation, acetylation and ubiquitination. Our recent studies also demonstrated that the E3 SUMO ligase PIAS1 functions as an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) restriction factor. However, whether SAMHD1 is regulated by PIAS1 to restrict EBV replication remains unknown. Results In this study, we showed that PIAS1 interacts with SAMHD1 and promotes its SUMOylation. We identified three lysine residues (K469, K595 and K622) located on the surface of SAMHD1 as the major SUMOylation sites. We demonstrated that phosphorylated SAMHD1 can be SUMOylated by PIAS1 and SUMOylated SAMHD1 can also be phosphorylated by viral protein kinases. We showed that SUMOylation-deficient SAMHD1 loses its anti-EBV activity. Furthermore, we demonstrated that SAMHD1 is associated with EBV genome in a PIAS1-dependent manner. Conclusion Our study reveals that PIAS1 synergizes with SAMHD1 to inhibit EBV lytic replication through protein–protein interaction and SUMOylation.

scholarly journals Phenoxazine nucleoside derivatives with a multiple activity against RNA and DNA viruses

2021 ◽  
Vol 220 ◽  
pp. 113467
Author(s):  
Liubov I. Kozlovskaya ◽  
Viktor P. Volok ◽  
Anna A. Shtro ◽  
Yulia V. Nikolaeva ◽  
Alexey A. Chistov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Viruses ◽  
Rna And Dna

Differentiation of allantoic endoderm implanted into the presumptive digestive area in avian embryos. A study with organ-specific antigens

Development ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-153
Author(s):  
Sadao Yasugi
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Intestinal Epithelium ◽  
Digestive Organ ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Avian Embryos ◽  
Digestive Organs ◽  
Organ Specific ◽  
Specific Antigens

Quail allantoic endoderm was implanted into the presumptive digestive-tract area of chick embryos, and the differentiation of the endoderm was examined morphologically and immunocytochemically with antisera against pepsinogens and sucrase. The allantoic endoderm was incorporated into the host digestive organs. It often became continuous with the host endoderm and formed a chimaeric digestive-tract epithelium. It differentiated morphologically into the epithelium of the digestive organ into which it was incorporated, showing the morphological inductive ability in situ of the digestive-tract mesenchyme against the allantoic endoderm. However, the allantoic endoderm did not produce pepsinogens even when it was incorporated into the host proventricular mesenchyme and formed well-developed proventricular glands. This result indicates that the heterotypic morphogenesis of the allantoic endoderm is not necessarily accompanied by the heterotypic cytodifferentiation. In contrast, the anti-sucrase antiserum-reactive cells often differentiated in the allantoic endoderm incorporated into not only the intestine but also other organs. This confirmed our previous observation that the allantoic endoderm has a tendency to differentiate into the intestinal epithelium in the heterologous environment.

scholarly journals Virome biogeography in the lower gastrointestinal tract of rhesus macaques with chronic diarrhea

Virology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 527 ◽  
pp. 77-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guoyan Zhao ◽  
Lindsay Droit ◽  
Margaret H. Gilbert ◽  
Faith R. Schiro ◽  
Peter J. Didier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Chronic Diarrhea ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Lower Gastrointestinal Tract

scholarly journals Propidium Monoazide Integrated with qPCR Enables the Detection and Enumeration of Infectious Enteric RNA and DNA Viruses in Clam and Fermented Sausages

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Narciso M. Quijada ◽  
Gislaine Fongaro ◽  
Célia R. M. Barardi ◽  
Marta Hernández ◽  
David Rodríguez-Lázaro
Keyword(s):  
Propidium Monoazide ◽  
Dna Viruses ◽  
Fermented Sausages ◽  
Rna And Dna

scholarly journals Identification of Hepatitis C Virus NS5A Inhibitors

2009 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 482-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie A. Lemm ◽  
Donald O'Boyle ◽  
Mengping Liu ◽  
Peter T. Nower ◽  
Richard Colonno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Therapeutic Index ◽  
Dna Viruses ◽  
Genotype 1A ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Ns3 Protease ◽  
Derivatives Of ◽  
Rna And Dna

ABSTRACT Using a cell-based replicon screen, we identified a class of compounds with a thiazolidinone core structure as inhibitors of hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication. The concentration of one such compound, BMS-824, that resulted in a 50% inhibition of HCV replicon replication was ∼5 nM, with a therapeutic index of >10,000. The compound showed good specificity for HCV, as it was not active against several other RNA and DNA viruses. Replicon cells resistant to BMS-824 were isolated, and mutations were identified. A combination of amino acid substitutions of leucine to valine at residue 31 (L31V) and glutamine to leucine at residue 54 (Q54L) in NS5A conferred resistance to this chemotype, as did a single substitution of tyrosine to histidine at amino acid 93 (Y93H) in NS5A. To further explore the region(s) of NS5A involved in inhibitor sensitivity, genotype-specific NS5A inhibitors were used to evaluate a series of genotype 1a/1b hybrid replicons. Our results showed that, consistent with resistance mapping, the inhibitor sensitivity domain also mapped to the N terminus of NS5A, but it could be distinguished from the key resistance sites. In addition, we demonstrated that NS5A inhibitors, as well as an active-site inhibitor that specifically binds NS3 protease, could block the hyperphosphorylation of NS5A, which is believed to play an essential role in the viral life cycle. Clinical proof of concept has recently been achieved with derivatives of these NS5A inhibitors, indicating that small molecules targeting a nontraditional viral protein like NS5A, without any known enzymatic activity, can also have profound antiviral effects on HCV-infected subjects.

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