scholarly journals Multimodal music perception engages motor prediction: a TMS study

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chelsea L. Gordon ◽  
Marco Iacoboni ◽  
Ramesh Balasubramaniam
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Motor System ◽  
Music Perception ◽  
Predictive Coding ◽  
The Other ◽  
Action Perception ◽  
Hand Muscles ◽  
Spinal Excitability ◽  
Muscle Specificity ◽  
Motor Prediction

AbstractCortico-spinal excitability (CSE) in humans measured with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is generally increased by the perception of other people’s actions. This perception can be unimodal (visual or auditory) or multimodal (visual and auditory). The increase in TMS-measured CSE is typically prominent for muscles involved in the perceived action (muscle specificity). There are two main classes of accounts for this phenomenon. One suggests that the motor system mirrors the actions that the observer perceives (the resonance account). The other suggests that the motor system predicts the actions that the observer perceives (the predictive account). To test these accounts (which need not be mutually exclusive), subjects were presented with four versions of three-note piano sequences: sound only, sight only, audiovisual, and audiovisual with sound lagging behind while CSE was measured in two hand muscles. Muscle specificity did not interact with modality in the flexor digiti minimi (FDM), but was reliably higher for the first dorsal interosseous (FDI) while subjects perceived the audiovisual version of the three-note piano sequences with sound lagging behind. Since this version of the three-note piano sequences is the only one that overtly violates experience-based expectations, this finding supports predictive coding accounts of motor facilitation during action perception.

Observing painful events in others leads to a temporally extended general response facilitation in the self

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl Michael Orquiola Galang
Keyword(s):  
Motor System ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Motor Evoked Potentials ◽  
Painful Stimulus ◽  
Facilitation Effect ◽  
Motor Responses ◽  
Response Facilitation ◽  
Task Instructions ◽  
General Response ◽  
Muscle Specificity

Excitability in the motor cortex is modulated when we observe other people receiving a painful stimulus (Avenanti et al., 2005). However, the task dependency of this modulation is not well understood, as different paradigms have yielded seemingly different results. Previous neurophysiological work employing transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) suggests that watching another person’s hand being pierced by a needle leads to a muscle specific inhibition, assessed via motor evoked potentials. Results from previous behavioural studies suggest that overt behavioural responses are facilitated due to pain observation (Morrison et al., 2007a; 2007b). There are several paradigmatic differences both between typical TMS studies and behavioural studies, and within behavioural studies themselves, that limit our overall understanding of how pain observation affects the motor system. In the current study, we combine elements of typical TMS experimental designs in a behavioural assessment of how pain observation affects overt behavioural responding. Specifically, we examined the muscle specificity, timing, and direction of modulation of motor responses due to pain observation. To assess muscle specificity, we employed pain and non-pain videos from previous TMS studies in a Go/No-Go task in which participants responded by either pressing a key with their index finger or with their foot. To assess timing, we examined response times for Go signals presented at 0ms or 500ms after the video. Results indicate that observation of another individual receiving a painful stimulus leads to a non-effector specific, temporally extended response facilitation (e.g., finger and foot facilitation present at 0ms and 500ms delays), compared to observation of non-pain videos. This behavioural facilitation effect differs from the typical motor inhibition seen in TMS studies, and we argue that the effects of pain observation on the motor system are state-dependent, with different states induced via task instructions. We discuss our results in light of previous work on motor responses to pain observation.

scholarly journals Transcranial Evoked Potentials Can Be Reliably Recorded with Active Electrodes

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 145
Author(s):  
Marco Mancuso ◽  
Valerio Sveva ◽  
Alessandro Cruciani ◽  
Katlyn Brown ◽  
Jaime Ibáñez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
The Other ◽  
Concordance Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Concordance Correlation ◽  
Eeg Signals ◽  
Active Electrode ◽  
Viable Solution ◽  
Space Projection

Electroencephalographic (EEG) signals evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) are usually recorded with passive electrodes (PE). Active electrode (AE) systems have recently become widely available; compared to PE, they allow for easier electrode preparation and a higher-quality signal, due to the preamplification at the electrode stage, which reduces electrical line noise. The performance between the AE and PE can differ, especially with fast EEG voltage changes, which can easily occur with TMS-EEG; however, a systematic comparison in the TMS-EEG setting has not been made. Therefore, we recorded TMS-evoked EEG potentials (TEPs) in a group of healthy subjects in two sessions, one using PE and the other using AE. We stimulated the left primary motor cortex and right medial prefrontal cortex and used two different approaches to remove early TMS artefacts, Independent Component Analysis and Signal Space Projection—Source Informed Recovery. We assessed statistical differences in amplitude and topography of TEPs, and their similarity, by means of the concordance correlation coefficient (CCC). We also tested the capability of each system to approximate the final TEP waveform with a reduced number of trials. The results showed that TEPs recorded with AE and PE do not differ in amplitude and topography, and only few electrodes showed a lower-than-expected CCC between the two methods of amplification. We conclude that AE are a viable solution for TMS-EEG recording.

WS4 Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Evaluate and Modify Motor System

2009 ◽  
Vol 120 ◽  
pp. S17-S18
Author(s):  
Masahito Kobayashi
Keyword(s):  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Motor System

scholarly journals Depression-like state induced by low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to ventral medial frontal cortex in monkeys

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinya Nakamura ◽  
Yodai Kishimoto ◽  
Masaki Sekino ◽  
Motoaki Nakamura ◽  
Ken-Ichiro Tsutsui
Keyword(s):  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Frontal Cortex ◽  
Mood Disorders ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
The Other ◽  
Medial Frontal Cortex ◽  
Behavioral Activity ◽  
Primate Model

The medial frontal cortex (MFC), especially its ventral part, has long been of great interest with respect to the pathology of mood disorders. A number of human brain imaging studies have demonstrated the abnormalities of this brain region in patients with mood disorders, however, whether it is critically involved in the pathogenesis of such disorders remains to be fully elucidated. In this study, we conducted a causal study to investigate how the suppression of neural activity in the ventral region of the MFC (vMFC) affects the behavioral and physiological states of monkeys by using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). By using low-frequency rTMS (LF-rTMS) as an inhibitory intervention, we found that LF-rTMS targeting the vMFC induced a depression-like state in monkeys, which was characterized by a reduced spontaneous behavioral activity, increased plasma cortisol level, impaired sociability, and decreased motivation level. On the other hand, no such significant changes in behavioral and physiological states were observed when targeting the other MFC regions, dorsal or posterior. We further found that the administration of an antidepressant agent, ketamine, ameliorated the abnormal behavioral and physiological states induced by the LF-rTMS intervention. These findings indicate the causal involvement of the vMFC in the regulation of mood and affect and the validity of the LF-rTMS-induced dysfunction of the vMFC as a nonhuman primate model of the depression-like state.

scholarly journals Reduction of Cortico-spinal Excitability by Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation at Predictable Timing

2005 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomohiko Takei ◽  
Toshihiro Hashimoto ◽  
Nobuhiro Hagura ◽  
Michikazu Matsumura ◽  
Eiichi Naito
Keyword(s):  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Spinal Excitability

scholarly journals Time-dependent modulation of spinal excitability during action observation in the macaque monkey

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.J. Jerjian ◽  
R.N. Lemon ◽  
A. Kraskov
Keyword(s):  
Pyramidal Tract ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Action Observation ◽  
Macaque Monkey ◽  
Reach To Grasp ◽  
Hand Muscles ◽  
Spinal Circuitry ◽  
Hand Muscle ◽  
Spinal Excitability ◽  
Muscle Responses

ABSTRACTNeurons in the primate motor cortex, including identified pyramidal tract neurons projecting to the spinal cord, respond to the observation of others’ actions, yet this does not cause movement in the observer. Here, we investigated changes in spinal excitability during action observation by monitoring short latency electromyographic responses produced by single shocks delivered directly to the pyramidal tract. Responses in hand and digit muscles were recorded from two adult rhesus macaques while they performed, observed or withheld reach-to-grasp and hold actions. We found modest grasp-specific facilitation of hand muscle responses during hand shaping for grasp, which persisted when the grasp was predictable but obscured from the monkey’s vision. We also found evidence of a more general inhibition before observed movement onset, and the size of this inhibition effect was comparable to the inhibition after an explicit NoGo signal. These results confirm that the spinal circuitry controlling hand muscles is modulated during action observation, and this may be driven by internal representations of actions. The relatively modest changes in spinal excitability during observation suggest net corticospinal outflow exerts only minor, sub-threshold changes on hand motoneuron pools, thereby preventing any overflow of mirror activity into overt movement.

Lesions to the Motor System Affect Action Perception

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 413-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Serino ◽  
Laura De Filippo ◽  
Chiara Casavecchia ◽  
Michela Coccia ◽  
Maggie Shiffrar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Action Recognition ◽  
Motor System ◽  
Recognition Performance ◽  
Human Action ◽  
Visual Sensitivity ◽  
Cortical Lesion ◽  
Motor Deficit ◽  
Action Perception ◽  
Dynamic Stimuli ◽  
Point Light

Several studies have shown that the motor system is involved in action perception, suggesting that action concepts are represented through sensory–motor processes. Such conclusions imply that motor system impairments should diminish action perception. To test this hypothesis, a group of 10 brain-damaged patients with hemiplegia (specifically, a lesion at the motor system that affected the contralesional arm) viewed point-light displays of arm gestures and attempted to name each gesture. To create the dynamic stimuli, patients individually performed simple gestures with their unaffected arm while being videotaped. The videotapes were converted into point-light animations. Each action was presented as it had been performed, that is, as having been produced by the observer's unaffected arm, and in its mirror reversed orientation, that is, as having been produced by the observer's hemiplegic arm. Action recognition accuracy by patients with hemiplegia was compared with that by 8 brain-damaged patients without any motor deficit and by 10 healthy controls. Overall, performance was better in control observers than in patients. Most importantly, performance by hemiplegic patients, but not by nonhemiplegic patients and controls, varied systematically as a function of the observed limb. Action recognition was best when hemiplegic patients viewed actions that appeared to have been performed by their unaffected arm. Action recognition performance dropped significantly when hemiplegic patients viewed actions that appeared to have been produced with their hemiplegic arm or the corresponding arm of another person. The results of a control study involving the recognition of point-light defined animals in motion indicate that a generic deficit to visual and cognitive functions cannot account for this laterality-specific deficit in action recognition. Taken together, these results suggest that motor cortex impairment decreases visual sensitivity to human action. Specifically, when a cortical lesion renders an observer incapable of performing an observed action, action perception is compromised, possibly by a failure to map the observed action onto the observer's contralesional hemisoma.

Contribution of the basal ganglia to spoken language: Is speech production like the other motor skills?

2014 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 576-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Zenon ◽  
Etienne Olivier
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Speech Production ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Motor System ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
The Other ◽  
Motor Behaviour ◽  
Hypokinetic Dysarthria ◽  
High Level

AbstractTwo of the roles assigned to the basal ganglia in spoken language parallel very well their contribution to motor behaviour: (1) their role in sequence processing, resulting in syntax deficits, and (2) their role in movement “vigor,” leading to “hypokinetic dysarthria” or “hypophonia.” This is an additional example of how the motor system has served the emergence of high-level cognitive functions, such as language.

Interaction Between Finger Opposition Movements and Aftereffects of 1Hz-rTMS on Ipsilateral Motor Cortex

2009 ◽  
Vol 101 (3) ◽  
pp. 1690-1694 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Avanzino ◽  
Marco Bove ◽  
Andrea Tacchino ◽  
Carlo Trompetto ◽  
Carla Ogliastro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Motor Performance ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Voluntary Movement ◽  
Motor Behavior ◽  
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Motor Task ◽  
The Other ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Opposition Movements

One-hertz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (1Hz-rTMS) over ipsilateral motor cortex is able to modify up to 30 min the motor performance of repetitive finger opposition movements paced with a metronome at 2 Hz. We investigated whether the long-lasting rTMS effect on motor behavior can be modulated by subsequent engagement of the contralateral sensorimotor system. Motor task was performed in different experimental conditions: immediately after rTMS, 30 min after rTMS, or when real rTMS was substituted with sham rTMS. Subjects performing the motor task immediately after rTMS showed modifications in motor behavior ≤30 min after rTMS. On the other hand, when real rTMS was substituted with sham stimulation or when subjects performed the motor task 30 min after the rTMS session, the effect was no longer present. These findings suggest that the combination of ipsilateral 1Hz-rTMS and voluntary movement is crucial to endure the effect of rTMS on the movement itself, probably acting on synaptic plasticity-like mechanism. This finding might provide some useful hints for neurorehabilitation protocols.

Quantifying the effect of trans-spinal magnetic stimulation on spinal excitability

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ainhoa Insausti-Delgado ◽  
Eduardo Lopez-Larraz ◽  
Yukio Nishimura ◽  
Niels Birbaumer ◽  
Ulf Ziemann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Spinal Excitability
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