scholarly journals Artificial Selection on Storage Protein 1 Contributes to Increase of Hatchability during Silkworm Domestication

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanan Zhu ◽  
Lizhi Wang ◽  
Cencen Li ◽  
Yong Cui ◽  
Man Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Theory ◽  
Artificial Selection ◽  
Storage Proteins ◽  
The Other ◽  
Eggshell Formation ◽  
Wild Allele ◽  
General Rules ◽  
Silkworm Genome ◽  
Peptide Biosynthesis ◽  
Wild Silkworm

AbstractLike other domesticates, efficient utilization of nitrogen resource is also important for the domestic insect, the silkworm. Deciphering how artificial selection act on silkworm genome for improved utilization of nitrogen resource and further human-favored domestication traits will provide unique cues from the insect scenario for understanding general rules of Darwin’s evolutionary theory on domestication. Storage proteins (SP), which belong to a hemocyanin superfamily, basically serve as a source of amino acids and nitrogen during metamorphosis and reproduction in insects. Here through genomic search and further screening of artificial selection signature on silkworm SPs, we discovered a candidate domestication gene, i.e. the methionine-rich storage protein1 (SP1), which is uniquely diverged from the others and showed increased expression in the ova of domestic silkworms. Knockout of SP1 via CRISPR/Cas9 approach resulted in dramatic decrease in egg hatchability, without obvious impact on egg production, which was similar to the case in the wild silkworm compared with domestic one. Larval development or metamorphosis were not affected by SP1 knockout. Comprehensive ova comparative transcriptomes indicated a general repression of gene expression, specifically vitellogenin, chorion proteins and structural component proteins in the extracellular matrix (ECM)-interaction pathway, as well as enzymes in folate biosynthesis, in both the mutant and the wild silkworm with the mutated allele, compared to the wild type domestic silkworm. Wild silkworms with the wild allele also showed generally down-regulated expression of genes enriched in structural constituent of ribosome and amide and peptide biosynthesis. This study exemplified a novel case that artificial selection could directly act on nitrogen resource protein to affect egg nutrient and eggshell formation, and activate ribosome for improved biosynthesis and increased hatchability during domestication. The findings shed new light on both understanding of artificial selection and silkworm breeding from the angle of nitrogen and amino acid resource.Author summaryLike other domesticates, nitrogen resource is also important for the domestic insect, the silkworm. Deciphering how artificial selection act on silkworm genome for improved utilization of nitrogen resource and further human-favored domestication traits, will provide unique cues from insect scenario, for understanding general rules of Darwin’s evolutionary theory. However, mechanism of domestication in the silkworm is largely unknown to date. Here we focused on one important nitrogen resource, i.e, the storage proteins (SP). We discovered that the methionine-rich storage protein1 (SP1) which is divergent from the other SPs are the only target of the artificial selection. We proposed based on functional evidence together with the key findings of comprehensive comparative transcriptome, that artificial selection, on one hand favored higher expression of SP1 in the domestic silkworm, which would subsequently up-regulate the genes or pathways vital for egg development and eggshell formation. On the other hand, artificial selection consistently favored activated ribosome activities and improved amide and peptide biosynthesis and in the ova, as it might act in the silk gland for increased silk-cocoon yield. We here exemplified a novel case that artificial selection could directly act on nitrogen resource protein for human desired domestication trait.

The Continuum of Conscientiousness: The Antagonistic Interests among Obsessive and Antisocial Personalities

2014 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven C. Hertler
Keyword(s):  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Evolutionary Theory ◽  
Antisocial Personality Disorder ◽  
The Other ◽  
Antisocial Personality ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Demographic Differences ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Continuum

Abstract The five factor trait of conscientiousnessis a supertrait, denoting on one hand a pattern of excessive labor, rigidity, orderliness and compulsivity,and on the other hand a pattern of strict rectitude, scrupulosity, dutifulness and morality. In both respects the obsessive-compulsive personality is conscientious; indeed, it has been labeled a disorder of extreme conscientiousness (Widiger et al., 2009). Antisocial personality disorder, in the present paper, is described as occupying the opposite end of the conscientiousness continuum. The antisocial is impulsive rather than compulsive, illicit rather than licit, and furtive rather than forthright.After clinically comparing the obsessive and antisocial personalities, the present paper invokes evolutionary theory to explain their resultant behavioral, ideological, political and demographic differences.

Philosophy or Auto-Anthropology?

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 26-28
Author(s):  
Daniel C. Dennett ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Computer Modeling ◽  
Evolutionary Theory ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
The Other ◽  
Theoretical Physics ◽  
Experimental Physics ◽  
Timothy Williamson ◽  
Working Out ◽  
Armchair Philosophy

Timothy Williamson is mainly right, I think. He defends armchair philosophy as a variety of armchair science, like mathematics, or computer modeling in evolutionary theory, economics, statistics, and I agree that this is precisely what philosophy is, at its best: working out the assumptions and implications of any serious body of thought, helping everyone formulate the best questions to ask, and then leaving the empirical work to the other sciences. Philosophy – at its best – is to other inquiries roughly as theoretical physics is to experimental physics. You can do it in the armchair, but you need to know a lot about the phenomena with which the inquiry deals.

THE RELATION BETWEEN NATURAL FECUNDITY AND RESPONSE TO FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE

1962 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANNE McLAREN
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Selection ◽  
Response Curve ◽  
Follicle Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Ovarian Response ◽  
Ovulation Rate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Principal Effect ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Stimulating Hormone

SUMMARY A study was made of the response to induced ovulation of female mice from strains in which the spontaneous ovulation rate had increased as a result of artificial selection for litter size. In response to standard doses of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) within the physiological range, the number of eggs shed differed significantly among the three strains tested, in the direction expected on the basis of their spontaneous ovulation rates. This indicates that the principal effect of selection has been to increase the sensitivity of the ovary to FSH. In one strain, the possibility remains open that there may also have been some increase in the amount of FSH available. In response to larger doses of FSH, females from the strain with the highest spontaneous ovulation rate shed significantly fewer eggs than the other two groups. Selection must therefore have altered the shape of the dose-response curve, increasing the ovarian response at low levels of hormone and decreasing it at high levels.

Testing and Evolutionary Theory

1963 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-162
Author(s):  
Morris Opler
Keyword(s):  
Social Organization ◽  
Evolutionary Theory ◽  
The Other ◽  
Technological Means

Not long ago Betty Meggers undertook to demonstrate, on the basis of Apache data, … that all cultures are composed of three general classes of phenomena: technology, social organization, and philosophy. Of these, technology is primary and determines the content and form of the other two components . . . The content of any particular culture depends on the amount of energy that can be controlled and the efficiency of the technological means of putting this energy to use.

Effect of Naphthalene Compounded Superplasticizer on Strength and Shrinkage of Ready-Mixed Concrete

2012 ◽  
Vol 174-177 ◽  
pp. 488-495
Author(s):  
Yu Fei Wang ◽  
Han Dong Yan
Keyword(s):  
Cement Paste ◽  
Test Data ◽  
Concrete Strength ◽  
Reducing Agent ◽  
The Other ◽  
General Rules ◽  
Early Strength ◽  
Ready Mixed Concrete ◽  
Mixed Concrete

Superplasticizer is widespread applied in the ready-mixed concrete in China. In the specific engineering, it is not only has the requirement of water-reducing ratio for superplasticizer, but also the superplasticizer has to meet the demand such as early-strength, air-entraining, retarding and so on. In current, the naphthalene compounded superplasticizer is conducted on the basis of the FDN modification. This paper selects two kinds of representative naphthalene compounded superplasticizers, one is the setretarder superplasticizer (WRA1), and the other one is the early strength-air entraining-retarding superplasticizer (WRA2). The effect of performance on neat cement paste, mortar and concrete which mixed with the two admixtures are compared with the benchmarks (not mixed with water reducing agent) and mixed with FDN. Through the analysis and comparison of the test data, the general rules of the naphthalene compounded superplasticizer to concrete strength and shrinkage are put forward in this paper. Also, according to those rules, it poses the concrete problems to be noted in the production. This may have guidance for reducing the early cracks of ready-mixed concrete.

Investors and Exploiters in Ecology and Economics

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Evolutionary Theory ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Natural World ◽  
The Other ◽  
Independent Research ◽  
Research Traditions ◽  
The Social ◽  
Widespread Phenomenon ◽  
Cancerous Cells

In the natural world, some agents (investors) employ strategies that provide resources, services, or information while others (exploiters) achieve gain through these efforts. Such behavior coexists and is observable in many species at many levels: from bacteria which depend on the existence of biofilms to synthesize constituent proteins; to cancerous cells which employ angiogenesis in tumors; to parents who forego vaccinating their children yet benefit from herd immunity; to countries’ actions in the handling of greenhouse gases. To analyze such behavior, two independent research traditions have developed in parallel—one couched in evolutionary theory championed by behavioral ecologists, the other in the social sciences advocated by economists. This book looks for commonalities in understanding and approach, in an effort to spur research into this widespread phenomenon.

scholarly journals The Doctrinal Complication in Al-Ash'ari’s Doctrine and its Role in Managing the Doctrinal Disputes

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Mohamed Ararou
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Approach ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Research Topic ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
General Rules ◽  
The One

This research aims to clarify the concept of doctrinal rules and adjust its basic terminologies. It further aims to lay down a map for the method of rooting this science by mentioning its rooted sources, in addition to drawing a miniature picture of its history, origin, formation and development. The paper ends with practical models to highlight its importance in rooting the science of nodal rules and facilitating the mentioning of its scattered discussions in a short and comprehensive phrase. The study further illustrates the pioneering role of doctrinal rules science in managing the doctrinal disputes, combining multiple sayings, and in bringing together opposing opinions. The study follows the inductive, descriptive and analytical approach. The importance of the research topic lies in the fact that it tackles something that has not yet been widely examined. Thus, researching such a topic is considered a new thing due to the scarcity of what has been written on it, on the one hand. On the other hand, the topic is serious as it talks about the Contractual Rules, which have not gained sufficient research among the applicants. Besides, what has been so far written on the doctrinal rules is related to the chapters of the doctrine and its general discussions; a matter which is similar to Al-Ghazali’s rules of beliefs. No allocation was dedicated to its contractual aspect. Accordingly, the present research is one of the important building blocks of the doctrinal lesson, as it is related to inferencing the science of belief and collecting its dispersed discussions under general rules in an

scholarly journals Patterns, predictors, and consequences of dominance in hybrids

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken A. Thompson ◽  
Mackenzie Urquhart-Cronish ◽  
Kenneth D. Whitney ◽  
Loren H. Rieseberg ◽  
Dolph Schluter
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Phylogenetic Signal ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
The Other ◽  
Common Environment ◽  
Intermediate Phenotypes ◽  
Individual Traits ◽  
General Rules ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Fertile Hybrids

Are first-generation (F1) hybrids typically intermediate for all traits that differentiate their parents? Or are they similar to one parent for most traits, or even mismatched for divergent traits? Although the phenotype of otherwise viable and fertile hybrids determines their fate, little is known about the general patterns, predictors, and consequences of phenotype expression in hybrids. To address this empirical gap, we compiled data from nearly 200 studies where traits were measured in a common environment for two parent populations and F1 hybrids. We find that individual traits are typically halfway between the parental midpoint and one parental value (i.e., hybrid trait values are typically 0.25 or 0.75 if parents’ values are 0 & 1). When considering pairs of traits together, a hybrid’s multivariate phenotype tends to resemble one parent (pairwise parent-bias) about 50 % more than the other while also exhibiting a similar magnitude of trait mismatch due to different traits having dominance in conflicting directions. We detect no phylogenetic signal nor an effect of parental genetic distance on dominance or mismatch. Using data from an experimental field planting of recombinant hybrid sunflowers—where there is among-individual variation in dominance and mismatch due to segregation of divergent alleles—we illustrate that pairwise parent-bias improves fitness while mismatch reduces fitness. Importantly, the effect of mismatch on fitness was stronger than that of pairwise parent-bias. In sum, our study has three major conclusions. First, hybrids between ecologically divergent natural populations are typically not phenotypically intermediate but rather exhibit substantial mismatch while also resembling one parent more than the other. Second, dominance and mismatch are likely determined by population-specific processes rather than general rules. Finally, selection against hybrids likely results from both selection against somewhat intermediate phenotypes and against mismatched trait combinations.

scholarly journals A Critic to Darwinian Theory on Resources Scarcity on the Basis of Quranic Verses

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
Ramezan Mahdavi Azadboni
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Evolutionary Theory ◽  
Resource Scarcity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Biological Resource ◽  
Biological Resources ◽  
Basic Assumptions ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One

One of the important components in the theory of the evolution of species is the idea of natural selection. The question is, are the assumptions of the subject in the idea of natural selection compatible with the religious conception of nature and the world around? In this study, the author will discover on the base of Quranic verses that how the theory of biological resource scarcity as one of the basic assumptions in the idea of natural selection conflicts with the Qur'anic interpretation regarding nature. If we can show the lack of credibility and inaccuracy of the idea of the biological resources scarcity and the inappropriateness of biological resources with the needs of the creatures-as one of the assumptions underlying evolutionary theory-in this case, an important step has been to distort the above-mentioned theorem. In the Holy Qur'an, traits such as selfishness are often warned that are considered as the basis of excesses leads to poverty and shortages. Quraanic promises according to which righteous individuals will govern on earth, on the one hand, and the divine promise of securing the living of the beings on the other hand effectively challenges the idea of natural selection.

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