scholarly journals A Critic to Darwinian Theory on Resources Scarcity on the Basis of Quranic Verses

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
Ramezan Mahdavi Azadboni
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Evolutionary Theory ◽  
Resource Scarcity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Biological Resource ◽  
Biological Resources ◽  
Basic Assumptions ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One

One of the important components in the theory of the evolution of species is the idea of natural selection. The question is, are the assumptions of the subject in the idea of natural selection compatible with the religious conception of nature and the world around? In this study, the author will discover on the base of Quranic verses that how the theory of biological resource scarcity as one of the basic assumptions in the idea of natural selection conflicts with the Qur'anic interpretation regarding nature. If we can show the lack of credibility and inaccuracy of the idea of the biological resources scarcity and the inappropriateness of biological resources with the needs of the creatures-as one of the assumptions underlying evolutionary theory-in this case, an important step has been to distort the above-mentioned theorem. In the Holy Qur'an, traits such as selfishness are often warned that are considered as the basis of excesses leads to poverty and shortages. Quraanic promises according to which righteous individuals will govern on earth, on the one hand, and the divine promise of securing the living of the beings on the other hand effectively challenges the idea of natural selection.

The Animistic Way: Contemporary Paganism and the Posthuman

Poligrafi ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 107-127
Author(s):  
Victoria Dos Santos
Keyword(s):  
Natural World ◽  
Julia Kristeva ◽  
The Other ◽  
Relational Ontology ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The World ◽  
Human World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
Contemporary Paganism

This article aims to explore the affinities between contemporary Paganism and the posthuman project in how they approach the non-human natural world. On the one hand, posthumanism explores new ways of considering the notion of humans and how they are linked with the non-human world. On the other hand, Neopaganism expands this reflection to the spiritual domain through its animistic relational sensibility. Both perspectives challenge the modern paradigm where nature and humans are opposed and mutually disconnected. They instead propose a relational ontology that welcomes the “different other.” This integrated relationship between humans and the “other than human” can be understood through the semiotic Chora, a notion belonging to Julia Kristeva that addresses how the subject is not symbolically separated from the world in which it is contained.

Ibn al-‘Arabi, Muhyi al-Din (1164–1240)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neal Robinson
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Inner Experience ◽  
Divine Essence ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Creation ◽  
One And Many ◽  
The One ◽  
Southeast Spain ◽  
The Way

Ibn al-‘Arabi was a mystic who drew on the writings of Sufis, Islamic theologians and philosophers in order to elaborate a complex theosophical system akin to that of Plotinus. He was born in Murcia (in southeast Spain) in AH 560/ad 1164, and died in Damascus in AH 638/ad 1240. Of several hundred works attributed to him the most famous are al-Futuhat al-makkiyya (The Meccan Illuminations) and Fusus al-hikam (The Bezels of Wisdom). The Futuhat is an encyclopedic discussion of Islamic lore viewed from the perspective of the stages of the mystic path. It exists in two editions, both completed in Damascus – one in AH 629/ad 1231 and the other in AH 636/ad 1238 – but the work was conceived in Mecca many years earlier, in the course of a vision which Ibn al-‘Arabi experienced near the Kaaba, the cube-shaped House of God which Muslims visit on pilgrimage. Because of its length, this work has been relatively neglected. The Fusus, which is much shorter, comprises twenty-seven chapters named after prophets who epitomize different spiritual types. Ibn al-‘Arabi claimed that he received it directly from Muhammad, who appeared to him in Damascus in AH 627/ad 1229. It has been the subject of over forty commentaries. Although Ibn al-‘Arabi was primarily a mystic who believed that he possessed superior divinely-bestowed knowledge, his work is of interest to the philosopher because of the way in which he used philosophical terminology in an attempt to explain his inner experience. He held that whereas the divine Essence is absolutely unknowable, the cosmos as a whole is the locus of manifestation of all God’s attributes. Moreover, since these attributes require the creation for their expression, the One is continually driven to transform itself into Many. The goal of spiritual realization is therefore to penetrate beyond the exterior multiplicity of phenomena to a consciousness of what subsequent writers have termed the ‘unity of existence’. This entails the abolition of the ego or ‘passing away from self’ (fana’) in which one becomes aware of absolute unity, followed by ‘perpetuation’ (baqa’) in which one sees the world as at once One and Many, and one is able to see God in the creature and the creature in God.

Introduction to general discussion

1979 ◽  
Vol 205 (1161) ◽  
pp. 599-604 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Evolutionary Theory ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Limited Resource ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
Games Theory ◽  
Natural Histories ◽  
Behavioural Strategies

Having heard the papers given at this discussion meeting, one must agree that, whether or not one accepts all details of every statement made, there has been in the last 20 years a vast advancein evolutionary comprehension, associated partic­ularly with advances in molecular biology, the theory of group selection, and the application of games theory to much of animal behaviour. On the one hand, our understanding of the nature of the inception of genetic variation has increased out of all recognition; on the other, numbers of phenomena which formerly were the subject of oleographed colour-plates showing ‘bizarre habits’ or ‘outlandish structures’ in popular natural histories are now brought into general theories which give us the means of asking answerable questions about them, and even making predictions. All of this greatly extends the scope of evolutionary theory. There is, however, one major field of enquiry not mentioned by Maynard Smith - rightly, since it has had as yet very little influence on evolutionary theory - and that is natural selection as it actually goes on in the wild. Much of the work we have heard about at this meeting implies natural selection. If it can be shown that of different behavioural strategies directed to the same goal one is more efficient than the others, in expenditure of energy, use of a limited resource, or in resistance to the introduction of other strategies, then the others are less well adapted in these respects and may be expected to be selected out. In general, any demonstration of function implies the possibility of malfunction and the probability of selection acting to keep that function efficient. In some behavioural situations, the implied selection may be intense. A cock robin that is not sufficiently aggressive will not hold a territory and will not breed; but equally, if it is a little too aggressive and drives off both cocks and hens, it will hold a territory but will still not breed. Similarly, in Tinbergen’s remarkable study of eggshell removal in gulls, taking too long away from the nest in removing the shell may leave the chick a prey to neighbour gulls. But staying to protect them and leaving the broken shell in the nest may mean that it is visible to predators, who then kill the chick. In such examples as these, selection against inappropriate behaviour may be from 50 to 100%, and no population geneticist could doubt the efficacy of such a strength.

scholarly journals Seeing God. Thomas Aquinas on Divine Presence in the World

2019 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 739-749 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Roszak ◽  
Tomasz Huzarek
Keyword(s):  
Thomas Aquinas ◽  
The Other ◽  
Divine Presence ◽  
Natural Level ◽  
Presence Of God ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
Changing World

Abstract: How to recognize the presence of God in the world? Thomas Aquinas' proposition, based on the efficient, exemplary and intentional causality, including both the natural level and grace, avoids several simplifications, the consequence of which is transcendent blindness. On the one hand, it does not allow to fall into a panentheistic reductionism involving God into the game of His variability in relation to the changing world. The sensitivity of Thomas in interpreting a real existing world makes it impossible to close the subject in the ''house without windows'', from where God can only be presumed. On the other hand, the proposal of Aquinas avoids the radical transcendence of God, according to which He has nothing to do with the world.

Conditions for Discussing and Comprehending Georationality

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (7) ◽  
pp. 7-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vadim M. Rozin
Keyword(s):  
Methodological Approach ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Globalizing World ◽  
The World ◽  
Single Process ◽  
Pluralistic Approach ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
Independent Behavior

The article examines the debate between, on the one hand, the proponents of the position that European reason and logic are universal and therefore the dialogue between West and East will always be unequal and, on the other hand, the advocates of a pluralistic approach, who defend the equality of parties in the dialogue as well as the independence of cultures and ways of thinking in different regions of the world. The author expands the agenda of the debate, appealing to the authors of the book Dialogue of Cultures in a Globalizing World. In addition, the author clarifies the concept of globalization, used by many participants in the discussion, and also formulates his own understanding of philosophy. The author considers philosophy, firstly, as a way of deconstructing reality that has ceased to respond to the challenges of time, secondly, as a process of the creation of schemes defining new reality and objects and, thirdly, as personal and professional methods for solving these problems. The article also discusses the condition of the comprehension of procedural phenomena. Thus, there is a methodological approach that makes possible, according to Kant, to grasp the essence of complex systemic phenomena. Therefore, the author examines a case in which C.G. Jung talks about one of his own child experiences. The author argues that the conditions of the comprehension of processuality are, on the one hand, the formation of a special integrity that is personality and, on the other hand, its actions, which make it possible to assemble the discrete states identified by the researcher into a single process. The personality is considered as the subject who, starting from ancient culture, aims for independent behavior, partially overcomes social and cultural dependence, begins to build his own world and himself in this world.

scholarly journals Theism, atheism and pantheism in the context of solution of the central philosophical question: anthropological aspect

2021 ◽  
pp. 92-113
Author(s):  
Alexey Viktorovich Suslov ◽  
Dmitrii Alekseevich Gusev ◽  
Vasilii Aleksandrovich Potaturov
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Philosophical Question ◽  
Life Orientation ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Spiritual Reality ◽  
The One ◽  
The Universe

The object of this research is a centuries-old worldview polemic between the philosophical representations on the world and human associated with theism, atheism and pantheism. The subject of this research is the theoretical and practical attitudes and conclusions of anthropological nature that result from these intellectual models. The authors dwell on the worldview correlations of materialism and idealism with their worldview companions, such as atheism, evolutionism, scientism, anthropological voluntarism  on the one hand, and theism, creationism, antiscientism, providentialism – on the other. Special attention is given to examination of ideological link of atheism and pantheism with the anthropocentric attitude, as well as the questions of life navigation of a human in the context of confrontation and polemics of anthropological voluntarism  and providentialism. The novelty of this research consists in substantiation of authenticity of the philosophical idealism as a model that implies theistic and creationist view of the universe and fundamental incompatibility of the central idealistic thesis on the primacy of spiritual reality with the nature of being from the perspective of pantheism. The novelty also lies in the authors’ statement on the worldview similarity of atheism and pantheism, each of which is a specific substantiation of anthropological voluntarism  that is opposed to theistic providentialism. The conclusion consists in acknowledgment of the fundamental dichotomy of the worldview choice and life orientation of a human between the anthropocentric and providential poles, despite all ideological multifacetedness and diversity of the philosophical and religious representations.

"Land und Meer, Land und Luft, Land und Erde: Schmitt und Sloterdijk – mit Husserl gelesen"

2006 ◽  
Vol 2006 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petra Gehring
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
The Other ◽  
Carl Schmitt ◽  
Contemporary Philosophy ◽  
Spatial Turn ◽  
The World ◽  
Peter Sloterdijk ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
The One

There are two phases in the philosophy of the 20. and the beginning 21. century, in which not generally ‚the world‘, but actually issues like ‚land and sea‘, ‚land and air‘, ‚land and earth‘ became philosophical references. There are on the one hand the diagnoses of geopolitical crises in the 1950th and there is on the other hand the so-called ‚spatial turn‘ of the cultural sciences and related contemporary philosophy. The article presents two exemplary positions: the geo-philosophical reflections of Carl Schmitt as well as the considerations of Peter Sloterdijk in connection with his analyses of globalization. The article doesn’t intend an final appraisal of the subject matter (or the works of both authors). Following the guideline of Husserls considerations about „earth“ is however asked, which function may have the phenomenon (and topic) of a concretized spatiality in the context of the two exemplary presented philosophical diagnoses. What makes ‚land‘ or ‚space‘ attractive to Schmitt and Sloterdijk?

scholarly journals The subject of theology of history

2008 ◽  
pp. 168-176
Author(s):  
Richard A. Gorban
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Historical Knowledge ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Special Position ◽  
The World ◽  
Modern Thought ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Christian Thought ◽  
The One ◽  
Theology Of History

One of the main problems that modern thought poses is the problem of the scientific and philosophical deepening of what we call "history", "the actions of the world", "historical". In the plane of Christian thought, it finds, on the one hand, a special position, because Christianity is realized in history, and on the other it encounters certain additional difficulties that take on forms of dilemmas: history is faith; historical knowledge - Revelation (God); history is Christianity. It requires a new approach to history, Christianity, Christian thought.

scholarly journals Damned if You Do and Damned if You Don't

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 37-70
Author(s):  
Steve Dilley ◽  
Nicholas Tafacory
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Evolutionary Theory ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Significant Cost ◽  
Biology Textbooks ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Biology Majors

We argue that a number of biology (and evolution) textbooks face a crippling dilemma. On the one hand, significant difficulties arise if textbooks include theological claims in their case for evolution. (Such claims include, for example, ‘God would never design a suboptimal panda’s thumb, but an imperfect structure is just what we’d expect on natural selection.’)  On the other hand, significant difficulties arise if textbooks exclude theological claims in their case for evolution.  So, whether textbooks include or exclude theological claims, they face debilitating problems. We attempt to establish this thesis by examining 32 biology (and evolution) textbooks, including the Big 12—that is, the top four in each of the key undergraduate categories (biology majors, non-majors, and evolution courses). In Section 2 of our article, we analyze three specific types of theology these texts use to justify evolutionary theory. We argue that all face significant difficulties. In Section 3, we step back from concrete cases and, instead, explore broader problems created by having theology in general in biology textbooks. We argue that the presence of theology—of whatever kind—comes at a significant cost, one that some textbook authors are likely unwilling to pay.  In Section 4, we consider the alternative: Why not simply get rid of theology? Why not just ignore it? In reply, we marshal a range of arguments why avoiding God-talk raises troubles of its own. Finally, in Section 5, we bring together the collective arguments in Sections 2-4 to argue that biology textbooks face an intractable dilemma.  We underscore this difficulty by examining a common approach that some textbooks use to solve this predicament. We argue that this approach turns out to be incoherent and self-serving. The poor performance of textbooks on this point highlights just how deep the difficulty is. In the end, the overall dilemma remains.

Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Ben Bradley
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Natural Selection ◽  
Molecular Genetics ◽  
Evolutionary Theory ◽  
The Other ◽  
Living World ◽  
The World ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Over Time

Twentieth-century psychology took a modernist form, giving Darwin’s approach to agency an unscientific look. Meanwhile, twentieth-century biologists were reconstructing evolutionary theory to highlight molecular genetics, reducing Darwin’s far-reaching writings about the living world to one grand idea: natural selection. Advances in biology today, which ground evolutionary thinking in a theory of the organism (or phenotype), find new wisdom in Darwin’s vision of the world. This vision has two axes. One describes the interwoven lives of the creatures who fill a given habitat, making interdependence central—a theatre of agency or ‘struggle for life.’ The other is what that struggle effects over time periods measured in millions of years, namely: evolution. Like his law of natural selection, Darwin’s psychology drew primarily on his understandings of the theatre of agency, whether discussing the actions of humans, animals, or plants—as the chapters of this book will show.

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