scholarly journals Pre-Settlement Forests around Puget Sound: Eyewitness Evidence

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Schroeder
Keyword(s):  
Forest Cover ◽  
Puget Sound ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Developmental Factors ◽  
Local Diversity ◽  
Hardwood Species ◽  
Western Washington ◽  
Witness Trees ◽  
First Time

AbstractWitness trees from GLO surveys covering 6,300 square miles around Puget Sound (western Washington State) reveal, for the first time, the character and local diversity in the region’s mid-19th-century forest cover, before it was severely logged during the settlement period. Although only a few coniferous and hardwood species occurred overall, discrete geographical areas supported distinctive species compositions. Geo-climatic and developmental factors are explored to explain these local differences. Profiles of tree diameters reveal that most trees were small to medium in size, even though most areas also exhibited a minority of larger legacy trees. Approximate stand ages and stages of ecological succession are inferred from local tree sizes and site qualities. Despite current inclusion within the Western Hemlock Zone, major portions of the Puget lowlands (below 1000 feet) displayed extremely few western hemlock, the putative climax species, even stands of decidedly advanced age; in extreme cases “pioneer old growth” prevailed. Conversely, hemlock was strongly predominant in the region’s framing foothills (above 1000 feet), even when stand age there was relatively low. These problematic successional conditions question whether many early forests around Puget Sound deserve a categorical recognition separate from the Western Hemlock Zone.

Geoarchaeological Perspectives on the “Millennial Series” of Earthquakes in the Southern Puget Lowland, Washington, USA

Radiocarbon ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 917-941 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Hutchinson
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Puget Sound ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Hood Canal ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Abrupt Changes ◽  
Western Washington ◽  
Socioeconomic Consequences ◽  
Large Earthquakes

Surface-breaking ruptures on shallow crustal faults in the southern Puget Lowland in western Washington State about a millennium ago prompted abrupt changes in land level and triggered tsunamis in Puget Sound. The displacement on the Seattle fault most likely occurred in the 1050–1020 cal BP interval. Structures further south (the Tacoma and Olympia faults, and one or more faults in the southern Hood Canal zone) ruptured at about the same time, or slightly earlier. The low frequency of radiocarbon ages from archaeological sites in the region in the aftermath of the “millennial series” of earthquakes, when compared to bootstrapped samples from a database of 1255 ages from the Pacific Northwest as a whole, suggests that these very large earthquakes had significant socioeconomic consequences. The cultural record from coastal archaeological sites shows that although survivors camped on the shore in the aftermath, many coastal villages appear to have been abandoned, and were not reoccupied for several centuries. There is little evidence, however, to suggest that people migrated from southern Puget Sound to neighboring areas, and no evidence of social conflict in the adjacent areas that might have served as havens.

Effects on understory biomass and forage 8–10 years after precommercial thinning of Sitka spruce – western hemlock stands in southeast Alaska

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-225
Author(s):  
Justin S. Crotteau ◽  
Annelise Z. Rue-Johns ◽  
Jeffrey C. Barnard
Keyword(s):  
Forest Type ◽  
Sitka Spruce ◽  
Picea Sitchensis ◽  
Wildlife Habitat ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Southeast Alaska ◽  
Precommercial Thinning ◽  
Clear Cutting ◽  
Understory Biomass

In southeast Alaska, United States, multiple-use forest management objectives include both timber production and wildlife habitat. Following stand-replacing disturbances such as clear-cutting, Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carrière) and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) naturally regenerate and competitively dominate resources, excluding understory biomass and biodiversity. Thinning may mitigate the effects of canopy closure and permit understory development, but evidence of the effect on understories 8–10 years after thinning is lacking. We report results 4–5 and 8–10 years after thinning experiments on the Tongass National Forest to demonstrate the effects of precommercial thinning (thinned versus control), stand age (15–25, 25–35, and 35–50 years), and weather on understory dynamics and Sitka black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus sitkensis Merriam, 1898) forage availability. Stand density negatively affected understory biomass, whereas temperature and precipitation positively interacted to increase biomass. Thinning had an enduring effect on understories, with biomass at least twice as great in thinned versus unthinned stands through year 10. We identified compositional differences from thinning as stand age class increased. Deer forage responded similarly to biomass, but thinning-induced differences faded with increased winter snowfall scenarios, especially in older stands. This study aids the understanding of stand overstory and understory development following silvicultural treatments in the coastal temperate rain forest of Alaska and suggests management implications and applications for balancing objectives throughout the forest type.

First Report of Powdery Mildew on Corylus avellana caused by Phyllactinia guttata in Washington State

2005 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sierra Hartney ◽  
Dean A. Glawe ◽  
Frank Dugan ◽  
Joseph Ammirati
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Corylus Avellana ◽  
Washington State ◽  
State University ◽  
Washington State University ◽  
Ornamental Tree ◽  
Western Washington ◽  
The University ◽  
First Time

Contorted hazelnut is an ornamental tree introduced to North America from Europe. In the fall of 2004 and 2005, powdery mildew caused by Phyllactinia guttata (Wallr.:Fr.) Lév. was observed on contorted hazelnut (‘contorta’) located on the campus of Washington State University, Pullman, and on several C. avellana trees (unknown cultivar) on the campus of the University of Washington, Seattle. This report documents for the first time the occurrence of P. guttata on C. avellana in both eastern and western Washington. Accepted for publication 18 October 2005. Published 21 November 2005.

A Model Study of the Salish Sea Estuarine Circulation*

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 1125-1143 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Sutherland ◽  
Parker MacCready ◽  
Neil S. Banas ◽  
Lucy F. Smedstad
Keyword(s):  
Puget Sound ◽  
Exchange Flow ◽  
Salish Sea ◽  
Strait Of Georgia ◽  
Model Study ◽  
Juan De Fuca ◽  
Residence Time Distributions ◽  
The Difference ◽  
First Time ◽  
Volume Transports

Abstract A realistic hindcast simulation of the Salish Sea, which encompasses the estuarine systems of Puget Sound, the Strait of Juan de Fuca, and the Strait of Georgia, is described for the year 2006. The model shows moderate skill when compared against hydrographic, velocity, and sea surface height observations over tidal and subtidal time scales. Analysis of the velocity and salinity fields allows the structure and variability of the exchange flow to be estimated for the first time from the shelf into the farthest reaches of Puget Sound. This study utilizes the total exchange flow formalism that calculates volume transports and salt fluxes in an isohaline framework, which is then compared to previous estimates of exchange flow in the region. From this analysis, residence time distributions are estimated for Puget Sound and its major basins and are found to be markedly shorter than previous estimates. The difference arises from the ability of the model and the isohaline method for flux calculations to more accurately estimate the exchange flow. In addition, evidence is found to support the previously observed spring–neap modulation of stratification at the Admiralty Inlet sill. However, the exchange flow calculated increases at spring tides, exactly opposite to the conclusion reached from an Eulerian average of observations.

Crown structure in western hemlock, Douglas-fir, and grand fir in western Washington: trends in branch-level mass and leaf area

1995 ◽  
Vol 25 (12) ◽  
pp. 1897-1912 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Kershaw Jr. ◽  
Douglas A. Maguire
Keyword(s):  
Branch Length ◽  
Allometric Equation ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Crown Structure ◽  
Indicator Variables ◽  
Western Washington ◽  
Modified Likelihood ◽  
Individual Trees ◽  
Fertilization Effects

Extensions of a basic allometric equation applied in predicting total foliage of individual trees were developed to estimate foliage and woody components of individual branches in western hemlock (Tsugaheterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco), and grand fir (Abiesgrandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.). Nine initial equations were fitted on both nonlinear and log-transformed scales to data collected in the western Cascade Mountains of Washington. In all cases, the logarithmic form of each equation provided the best fit to the data based on a modified likelihood criterion and residual patterns. Branch diameter was the overall best predictor of branch foliage and woody mass; however, significant (p = 0.05) improvements in fit were obtained when other structural and positional variables were included in the equations (e.g., foliated branch length and depth into crown). The effects of fertilization and site (locality) differences were explored using indicator variables for western hemlock branches. Significant site effects were observed for intercept terms for all three branch components (total foliage area, total foliage mass, and total woody mass), while fertilization effects were observed in interaction with relative height above crown base for both foliage components.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Rootstocks on Harvest Metrics of ‘Pinot Noir clone 02A’ Wine Grapes in Maritime Western Washington

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 830-835 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle M. Moyer ◽  
Jaqueline King ◽  
Gary Moulton
Keyword(s):  
Puget Sound ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Pinot Noir ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
Wine Grapes ◽  
Mount Vernon ◽  
Cascade Mountain ◽  
Western Washington ◽  
Final Harvest

The Puget Sound American Viticulture Area (AVA), located west of the Cascade Mountain Range in Washington State, is a large and uniquely situated area with diverse topography and mesoclimates. Given the young age of the AVA, little formal information exists on the appropriate rootstock–scion combination in wine grapes (Vitis vinifera) for the region. This project reports on a series of rootstock trials from 2003 to 2007, which evaluated the influence of ‘420A Millardet et de Grasset’, ‘3309 Couderc’, ‘101-14 Millardet et de Grasset’ (all Vitis hybrids), and a self-rooted control on basic harvest metrics of the wine grape scion ‘Pinot noir clone 02A’. At the warmer site in Everson, WA, rootstocks had no effect on final juice harvest metrics measured by soluble solids, titratable acidity (TA), and pH. At the cooler site in Mount Vernon, WA, the use of rootstocks did not always influence soluble solids or pH but did reduce final harvest TA, a desired effect for the region that is typified by low sugar–high TA wines. Even with a reduction in TA in some rootstock–scion combinations, overall, TA remained at the upper end or above the range typically desired for many wine styles.

Biology and Management of Dogfish Sharks

2009 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Puget Sound ◽  
Spiny Dogfish ◽  
Seasonal Movement ◽  
Northeast Pacific ◽  
Population Dynamics Model ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time ◽  
North And South ◽  
Potential Use

Abstract.—The first tagging program for spiny dogfish <em>Squalus acanthias </em>in Washington State was conducted in the early 1940s, coinciding with the period of the highest landings in the history of the fishery, when annual landings in the Northeast Pacific grew to over 50,000 metric tons (mt). A second tagging program in Puget Sound began in 1969, when landings in the Northeast Pacific were below 500 mt. Patterns of recaptures from the two tagging experiments are reanalyzed and compared using a common set of spatial areas for the first time. The fraction of dogfish remaining in each basin and moving between each pair of basins is reported, along with the fraction of dogfish recaptured in Canadian waters. Seasonal movement north and south in coastal waters is considered. Differences in length compositions between inside and outside waters are described, and possible causes of this difference are discussed. The potential use of these tagging results in a population dynamics model is considered.

This Is My Tribe

2020 ◽  
pp. 114-119
Author(s):  
Thomas Bancroft
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Lake Erie ◽  
Puget Sound ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Breeding Sites ◽  
The Third ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Presque Isle ◽  
First Time

This chapter reflects on the author's first time seeing a ruby-crowned kinglet in the spring of sophomore year in high school. The author had gone to Presque Isle on Lake Erie to look for spring migrants with some birding buddies. Often during the third week of May, thousands of northbound birds congregate on this thin peninsula before making the overwater flight across the lake. Many of these species only pass through Pennsylvania from their Latin America winter homes to Canada's boreal forests where they breed. In Washington, wintering kinglets migrate down from high-elevation spruce-fir forests where they breed or from Canadian breeding sites, to live through the cold months in the Puget Sound lowlands.

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