scholarly journals Modeling the demography of species providing extended parental care: A capture-recapture multievent model with a case study on Polar Bears (Ursus maritimus)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Cubaynes ◽  
Jon Aars ◽  
Nigel G. Yoccoz ◽  
Roger Pradel ◽  
Øystein Wiig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parental Care ◽  
Litter Size ◽  
Ursus Maritimus ◽  
Reproductive History ◽  
Demographic Parameters ◽  
Capture Recapture ◽  
Breeding Probability ◽  
Extended Parental Care

AbstractIn species providing extended parental care, one or both parents care for altricial young over a period including more than one breeding season. We expect large parental investment and long-term dependency within family units to cause high variability in life trajectories among individuals with complex consequences at the population level. So far, models for estimating demographic parameters in free-ranging animal populations mostly ignore extended parental care, thereby limiting our understanding of its consequences on parents and offspring life histories.We designed a capture-recapture multi-event model for studying the demography of species providing extended parental care. It handles statistical multiple-year dependency among individual demographic parameters grouped within family units, variable litter size, and uncertainty on the timing at offspring independence. It allows to evaluate trade-offs among demographic parameters, the influence of past reproductive history on the caring parent survival status, breeding probability and litter size probability, while accounting for imperfect detection of family units. We assess the model performances using simulated data, and illustrate its use with a long-term dataset collected on the Svalbard polar bears (Ursus maritimus).Our model performed well in terms of bias and mean square error and in estimating demographic parameters in all simulated scenarios, both when offspring departure probability from the family unit occurred at a constant rate or varied during the field season depending on the date of capture. For the polar bear case study, we provide estimates of adult and dependent offspring survival rates, breeding probability and litter size probability. Results showed that the outcome of the previous reproduction influenced breeding probability.Overall, our results show the importance of accounting for i) the multiple-year statistical dependency within family units, ii) uncertainty on the timing at offspring independence, and iii) past reproductive history of the caring parent. If ignored, estimates obtained for breeding probability, litter size, and survival can be biased. This is of interest in terms of conservation because species providing extended parental care are often long-living mammals vulnerable or threatened with extinction.

scholarly journals Modeling the demography of species providing extended parental care: A capture–recapture multievent model with a case study on polar bears ( Ursus maritimus )

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 3380-3392
Author(s):  
Sarah Cubaynes ◽  
Jon Aars ◽  
Nigel G. Yoccoz ◽  
Roger Pradel ◽  
Øystein Wiig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parental Care ◽  
Ursus Maritimus ◽  
Polar Bears ◽  
Capture Recapture ◽  
Extended Parental Care

scholarly journals Nesting Behavior ofAbispa ephippium(Fabricius) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae): Extended Parental Care in an Australian Mason Wasp

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert W. Matthews ◽  
Janice R. Matthews
Keyword(s):  
Parental Care ◽  
Nesting Behavior ◽  
Nest Usurpation ◽  
Extended Parental Care

The genusAbispaincludes Australia's largest wasps, potters with distinctive mud nests weighing up to 0.5 kg. During 31 days near Katherine, NT, Australia, we observed 8 activeA. ephippium(Fabricius) nests and dissected 16. Nesting is lengthy and asynchronous; female generations often overlap. Females display long-term parental care through truncated progressive provisioning, removing debris, repairing damage, and attacking potential invaders. Males patrol water-gathering spots, and visit and associate with active nests, mating there and in flight. Females actively guard nests, but challenged nest-attending males simply retreat. The distinctive funnel-shaped entrance helps females defend nests physically but probably not chemically; dismantled for cell closure material, it is built anew for each cell. Nests contain up to 8 cells; construction and provisioning total about 7 days per cell. The only parasite wasStilbum cyanurumForster. Thievery and nest usurpation byPseudabispa paragioides(Meade-Waldo) were discovered.

Effects of individual misidentification on estimates of survival in long-term mark–resight studies

The Condor ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 121 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna M Tucker ◽  
Conor P McGowan ◽  
Robert A Robinson ◽  
Jacquie A Clark ◽  
James E Lyons ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Study ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Data Filtering ◽  
Single Observation ◽  
Demographic Rates ◽  
Survival Estimation ◽  
Capture Recapture

Abstract All ecological measurements are subject to error; the effects of missed detection (false negatives) are well known, but the effects of mistaken detection (false positives) are less understood. Long-term capture–recapture datasets provide valuable ecological insights and baselines for conservation and management, but where such studies rely on noninvasive re-encounters, such as field-readable color bands, there is the potential to accumulate detection errors as the length of the study and number of tags deployed increases. We investigated the prevalence and effects of misreads in a 10-yr dataset of Red Knots (Calidris canutus rufa) marked with field-readable leg flags in Delaware, USA. We quantified the effects of misreads on survival estimation via a simulation study and evaluated whether removal of individuals only reported once in a year (potential misreads) influenced survival estimation from both simulated datasets and our case study data. We found overall apparent error rates of 0.31% (minimum) to 6.6% (maximum). Observer-specific error rates and the variation among observers both decreased with the number of flags an observer recorded. Our simulation study showed that misreads lead to spurious negative trends in survival over time, particularly for long-term studies. Removing all records in which a flag was only recorded once in a sampling occasion reduced bias and eliminated spurious negative trends in survival but also reduced precision in survival estimates. Without data filtering, we found a slight decrease in Red Knot annual survival probability from 2008 to 2018 (β = −0.043 ± 0.03), but removing all single-observation records resulted in no apparent trend (β = −0.0074 ± 0.02). Spurious trends in demographic rates could influence inference about population trajectories and resultant conservation decision-making. Data filtering could eliminate errors, but researchers should carefully consider the tradeoff between precision obtained by larger sample sizes and potential bias due to misreads in their data.

Caregivers' Perceptions of Speech-Language Pathologist Talk About Child Language and Literacy Disorders

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 2049-2067
Author(s):  
Karmen L. Porter ◽  
Janna B. Oetting ◽  
Loretta Pecchioni
Keyword(s):  
Language And Literacy ◽  
Collective Case Study ◽  
Study Approach ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
Speech Language Pathologist ◽  
Therapy Goals ◽  
Semistructured Interviews ◽  
Types Of Information

Purpose This study examined caregiver perceptions of their child's language and literacy disorder as influenced by communications with their speech-language pathologist. Method The participants were 12 caregivers of 10 school-aged children with language and literacy disorders. Employing qualitative methods, a collective case study approach was utilized in which the caregiver(s) of each child represented one case. The data came from semistructured interviews, codes emerged directly from the caregivers' responses during the interviews, and multiple coding passes using ATLAS.ti software were made until themes were evident. These themes were then further validated by conducting clinical file reviews and follow-up interviews with the caregivers. Results Caregivers' comments focused on the types of information received or not received, as well as the clarity of the information. This included information regarding their child's diagnosis, the long-term consequences of their child's disorder, and the connection between language and reading. Although caregivers were adept at describing their child's difficulties and therapy goals/objectives, their comments indicated that they struggled to understand their child's disorder in a way that was meaningful to them and their child. Conclusions The findings showed the value caregivers place on receiving clear and timely diagnostic information, as well as the complexity associated with caregivers' understanding of language and literacy disorders. The findings are discussed in terms of changes that could be made in clinical practice to better support children with language and literacy disorders and their families.

Dissociation of short- and long-term memory recency effects: A case study

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randi C. Martin ◽  
Mary R. Newsome ◽  
Monica L. Freedman
Keyword(s):  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Recency Effects ◽  
Short And Long Term

Long-Term Monitoring of Temperature Differences in a Steel Truss Bridge with Two-Layer Decks Compared with Bridge Codes: Case Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 05020013
Author(s):  
Gaoxin Wang ◽  
Xin Zhou ◽  
Youliang Ding ◽  
Xingwang Liu
Keyword(s):  
Steel Truss Bridge ◽  
Steel Truss ◽  
Long Term Monitoring ◽  
Truss Bridge ◽  
Term Monitoring

Is Carl Icahn Good for Long-Term Shareholders? A Case Study in Shareholder Activism

CFA Digest ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 14-16
Author(s):  
Chirag B. Patel
Keyword(s):  
Shareholder Activism ◽  
Good For

Interrelationships between municipal spatial policy strategy and airport operation and development. Lodz Airport case study

2018 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-79
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Nikorowicz-Zatorska
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Urban Planning ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
The Other ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Spatial Management ◽  
The One ◽  
Surrounding Areas

Abstract The present paper focuses on spatial management regulations in order to carry out investment in the field of airport facilities. The construction, upgrades, and maintenance of airports falls within the area of responsibility of local authorities. This task poses a great challenge in terms of organisation and finances. On the one hand, an active airport is a municipal landmark and drives local economic, social and cultural development, and on the other, the scale of investment often exceeds the capabilities of local authorities. The immediate environment of the airport determines its final use and prosperity. The objective of the paper is to review legislation that affects airports and the surrounding communities. The process of urban planning in Lodz and surrounding areas will be presented as a background to the problem of land use management in the vicinity of the airport. This paper seeks to address the following questions: if and how airports have affected urban planning in Lodz, does the land use around the airport prevent the development of Lodz Airport, and how has the situation changed over the time? It can be assumed that as a result of lack of experience, land resources and size of investments on one hand and legislative dissonance and peculiar practices on the other, aviation infrastructure in Lodz is designed to meet temporary needs and is characterised by achieving short-term goals. Cyclical problems are solved in an intermittent manner and involve all the municipal resources, so there’s little left to secure long-term investments.

Investigation of a New Approach to Predict Water Quality Extremes with a Case Study of Chemical Determinands in Stream Water

1991 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 25-33
Author(s):  
A. J. Jakeman ◽  
P. G. Whitehead ◽  
A. Robson ◽  
J. A. Taylor ◽  
J. Bai
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Probability Distributions ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Hybrid Modelling ◽  
Trend Model ◽  
Environmental Extremes ◽  
Modelling Approach

The paper illustrates analysis of the assumptions of the statistical component of a hybrid modelling approach for predicting environmental extremes. This shows how to assess the applicability of the approach to water quality problems. The analysis involves data on stream acidity from the Birkenes catchment in Norway. The modelling approach is hybrid in that it uses: (1) a deterministic or process-based description to simulate (non-stationary) long term trend values of environmental variables, and (2) probability distributions which are superimposed on the trend values to characterise the frequency of shorter term concentrations. This permits assessment of management strategies and of sensitivity to climate variables by adjusting the values of major forcing variables in the trend model. Knowledge of the variability about the trend is provided by: (a) identification of an appropriate parametric form of the probability density function (pdf) of the environmental attribute (e.g. stream acidity variables) whose extremes are of interest, and (b) estimation of pdf parameters using the output of the trend model.

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