scholarly journals High order structure in mouse courtship vocalizations

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stav Hertz ◽  
Benjamin Weiner ◽  
Nisim Perets ◽  
Michael London
Keyword(s):  
Neural Control ◽  
Temporal Structure ◽  
Order Structure ◽  
Sequence Structure ◽  
Motor Behaviors ◽  
Information Maximization ◽  
Complex Motor ◽  
Information Score ◽  
Complex Sequences

AbstractMany complex motor behaviors can be decomposed into sequences of simple individual elements. Mouse ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) are naturally divided into distinct syllables and thus are useful for studying the neural control of complex sequences production. However, little is known about the rules governing their temporal order. We recorded USVs during male-female courtship (460,000 USVs grouped into 44,000 sequences) and classified them using three popular algorithms. Modeling the sequences as Markov processes revealed a significant temporal structure which was dependent on the specific classification algorithm. To quantify how syllable misclassification obscures the true underlying sequence structure, we used information theory. We developed the Syntax Information Score and ranked the syllable classifications of the three algorithms. Finally, we derived a novel algorithm (Syntax Information Maximization) that utilized sequence statistics to improve the classification of individual USVs with respect to the underlying sequence structure.

scholarly journals Temporal structure of mouse courtship vocalizations facilitates syllable labeling

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stav Hertz ◽  
Benjamin Weiner ◽  
Nisim Perets ◽  
Michael London
Keyword(s):  
Neural Control ◽  
Temporal Order ◽  
Temporal Structure ◽  
Ultrasonic Vocalizations ◽  
Sequence Structure ◽  
Information Maximization ◽  
Information Score ◽  
Labeling Algorithms ◽  
Structure Improvement

AbstractMice emit sequences of ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) but little is known about the rules governing their temporal order and no consensus exists on the classification of USVs into syllables. To address these questions, we recorded USVs during male-female courtship and found a significant temporal structure. We labeled USVs using three popular algorithms and found that there was no one-to-one relationships between their labels. As label assignment affects the high order temporal structure, we developed the Syntax Information Score (based on information theory) to rank labeling algorithms based on how well they predict the next syllable in a sequence. Finally, we derived a novel algorithm (Syntax Information Maximization) that utilizes sequence statistics to improve the clustering of individual USVs with respect to the underlying sequence structure. Improvement in USV classification is crucial for understanding neural control of vocalization. We demonstrate that USV syntax holds valuable information towards achieving this goal.

Sequence–Structure–Function Classification of a Catalytically Diverse Oxidoreductase Superfamily in Mycobacteria

2015 ◽  
Vol 427 (22) ◽  
pp. 3554-3571 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Hafna Ahmed ◽  
Paul D. Carr ◽  
Brendon M. Lee ◽  
Livnat Afriat-Jurnou ◽  
A. Elaaf Mohamed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structure Function ◽  
Sequence Structure

Hemispheric Coordination Is Necessary for Song Production in Adult Birds: Implications for a Dual Role for Forebrain Nuclei in Vocal Motor Control

2008 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 373-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin C. Ashmore ◽  
Mark Bourjaily ◽  
Marc F. Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Commissure ◽  
Temporal Structure ◽  
Dual Role ◽  
Critical Feature ◽  
Motor Circuits ◽  
Output Structure ◽  
Complex Motor ◽  
Song Production ◽  
Song Control ◽  
Avian Song

Precise coordination across hemispheres is a critical feature of many complex motor circuits. In the avian song system the robust nucleus of the arcopallium (RA) plays a key role in such coordination. It is simultaneously the major output structure for the descending vocal motor pathway, and it also sends inputs to structures in the brain stem and thalamus that project bilaterally back to the forebrain. Because all birds lack a corpus callosum and the anterior commissure does not interconnect any of the song control nuclei directly, these bottom-up connections form the only pathway that can coordinate activity across hemispheres. In this study, we show that unilateral lesions of RA in adult male zebra finches ( Taeniopigia guttata) completely and permanently disrupt the bird's stereotyped song. In contrast, lesions of RA in juvenile birds do not prevent the acquisition of normal song as adults. These results highlight the importance of hemispheric interdependence once the circuit is established but show that one hemisphere is sufficient for complex vocal behavior if this interdependence is prevented during a critical period of development. The ability of birds to sing with a single RA provides the opportunity to test the effect of targeted microlesions in RA without confound of functional compensation from the contralateral RA. We show that microlesions cause significant changes in song temporal structure and implicate RA as playing a major part in the generation of song temporal patterns. These findings implicate a dual role for RA, first as part of the program generator for song and second as part of the circuit that mediates interhemispheric coordination.

scholarly journals Chemometric outlier classification of 2D-NMR spectra to enable higher order structure characterization of protein therapeutics

2020 ◽  
Vol 199 ◽  
pp. 103973 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Sheen ◽  
Vincent K. Shen ◽  
Robert G. Brinson ◽  
Luke W. Arbogast ◽  
John P. Marino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nmr Spectra ◽  
2D Nmr ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Protein Therapeutics ◽  
Structure Characterization ◽  
Order Structure ◽  
2D Nmr Spectra

A Model of Temporal Scaling Correctly Predicts that Weber′s Law is Speed-dependent

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas F Hardy ◽  
Vishwa Goudar ◽  
Juan L Romero-Sosa ◽  
Dean Buonomano
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
General Feature ◽  
Motor Timing ◽  
Motor Patterns ◽  
Temporal Scaling ◽  
Temporal Precision ◽  
Motor Behaviors ◽  
Morse Code ◽  
Complex Motor ◽  
Speed Effect

Timing is fundamental to complex motor behaviors: from tying a knot to playing the piano. A general feature of motor timing is temporal scaling: the ability to produce motor patterns at different speeds. Here we report that temporal scaling is not automatic. After learning to produce a Morse code pattern at one speed, subjects did not accurately generalize to novel speeds. Temporal scaling was also not a general property of a recurrent neural network (RNN) model, however after training across different speeds the model produced robust temporal scaling. The model captured a signature of motor timing-Weber′s law-but predicted that temporal precision increases at faster speeds. A human psychophysics study confirmed this prediction: the standard deviation of responses in absolute time were lower at faster speeds. These results establish that RNNs can account for temporal scaling, and suggest a novel psychophysical principle: the Weber-speed effect.

scholarly journals Closed-loop automated reaching apparatus (CLARA) for interrogating complex motor behaviors

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Spencer Bowles ◽  
W. Ryan Williamson ◽  
Dailey Nettles ◽  
Jordan Hickman ◽  
Cristin G Welle
Keyword(s):  
Closed Loop ◽  
Motor Behaviors ◽  
Complex Motor

scholarly journals Target-Specific Action Classification for Automated Assessment of Human Motor Behavior from Video

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (19) ◽  
pp. 4266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Behnaz Rezaei ◽  
Yiorgos Christakis ◽  
Bryan Ho ◽  
Kevin Thomas ◽  
Kelley Erb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Behavior ◽  
Wearable Technology ◽  
Test Accuracy ◽  
Action Classification ◽  
Video Recordings ◽  
Average Accuracy ◽  
Complex Motor ◽  
Human Motor ◽  
Low Dimensional

Objective monitoring and assessment of human motor behavior can improve the diagnosis and management of several medical conditions. Over the past decade, significant advances have been made in the use of wearable technology for continuously monitoring human motor behavior in free-living conditions. However, wearable technology remains ill-suited for applications which require monitoring and interpretation of complex motor behaviors (e.g., involving interactions with the environment). Recent advances in computer vision and deep learning have opened up new possibilities for extracting information from video recordings. In this paper, we present a hierarchical vision-based behavior phenotyping method for classification of basic human actions in video recordings performed using a single RGB camera. Our method addresses challenges associated with tracking multiple human actors and classification of actions in videos recorded in changing environments with different fields of view. We implement a cascaded pose tracker that uses temporal relationships between detections for short-term tracking and appearance based tracklet fusion for long-term tracking. Furthermore, for action classification, we use pose evolution maps derived from the cascaded pose tracker as low-dimensional and interpretable representations of the movement sequences for training a convolutional neural network. The cascaded pose tracker achieves an average accuracy of 88% in tracking the target human actor in our video recordings, and overall system achieves average test accuracy of 84% for target-specific action classification in untrimmed video recordings.

The Language Development Via FOXP2 in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (37) ◽  
pp. 4789-4795
Author(s):  
Panpan Chen ◽  
Zhongying Li ◽  
Yanfei Li ◽  
Syed S. Ahmad ◽  
Mohammad A. Kamal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Language Learning ◽  
Language Disorder ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Childhood Apraxia Of Speech ◽  
Motor Behaviors ◽  
Complex Motor ◽  
The Right

Background: An increasing number of newborn children in numerous nations are enrolled in early childhood education programs, and instructors, in this way, assume a focal job in invigorating language improvement in these youthful kids. Kids with language issues are found to have a higher risk for future scholarly challenges and learning inabilities. Language advancement among kids is an intricate procedure and vital for correspondence. The shortcomings in the utilization of grammatical structures may lessen the useful utilization of language for verbally expressive kids with autism spectrum disorder and exacerbate troubles with academic and social expertise advancement. Results: FOXP2, the single principal gene connected to a speech and language issue, is significant for the right execution of complex motor behaviors used for speech. In any case, changes in FOXP2 lead to a speech/language issue portrayed by childhood apraxia of speech. These days, language learning is fundamentally required for kids who need to move to different nations to pursue the instructive frameworks and be helpful individuals or residents of those nations. Conclusion: The purpose of this study was to explore the role of FOXP2 in language disorder and its management for children’s language and communication development.

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