scholarly journals An advantage for targets located horizontally to the cued location

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Clevenger ◽  
Pei-Ling Yang ◽  
Diane M. Beck
Keyword(s):  
Horizontal Meridian ◽  
Validity Effect ◽  
Vertical Meridian ◽  
Cue Validity ◽  
A Performance

AbstractOver the years a number of researchers have reported enhanced performance of targets located horizontally to a cued location relative to those located vertically. However, many of these reports could stem from a known meridian asymmetry in which stimuli on the horizontal meridian show a performance advantage relative to those on the vertical meridian. Here we show a horizontal advantage for target and cue locations that reside outside the zone of asymmetry; that is, targets that appear horizontal to the cue, but above or below the horizontal meridian, are more accurate than those that appear vertical to the cue, but again either above or below the horizontal meridian (Experiments 1 and 4). This advantage does not extend to non-symmetrically located targets in the opposite hemifield (Experiment 2), nor horizontally located targets within the same hemifield (Experiment 3). These data raise the possibility that display designs in which the target and cue locations are positioned symmetrically across the vertical midline may be underestimating the cue validity effect.

scholarly journals The Correlations between Horizontal and Vertical Peripheral Refractions and Human Eye Shape Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Highly Myopic Eyes

Healthcare ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 966
Author(s):  
Hui-Ying Kuo ◽  
John Ching-Jen Hsiao ◽  
Jing-Jie Chen ◽  
Chi-Hung Lee ◽  
Chun-Chao Chuang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Shape Deformation ◽  
Spherical Equivalent ◽  
Horizontal Meridian ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Vertical Meridian ◽  
Useful Knowledge ◽  
Human Eye ◽  
The Relationship

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between relative peripheral refraction and retinal shape by 2-D magnetic resonance imaging in high myopes. Thirty-five young adults aged 20 to 30 years participated in this study with 16 high myopes (spherical equivalent < −6.00 D) and 19 emmetropes (+0.50 to −0.50 D). An open field autorefractor was used to measure refractions from the center out to 60° in the horizontal meridian and out to around 20° in the vertical meridian, with a step of 3 degrees. Axial length was measured by using A-scan ultrasonography. In addition, images of axial, sagittal, and tangential sections were obtained using 2-D magnetic resonance imaging. The highly myopic group had a significantly relative peripheral hyperopic refraction and showed a prolate ocular shape compared to the emmetropic group. The highly myopic group had relative peripheral hyperopic refraction and showed a prolate ocular form. Significant differences in the ratios of height/axial (1.01 ± 0.02 vs. 0.94 ± 0.03) and width/axial (0.99 ± 0.17 vs. 0.93 ± 0.04) were found from the MRI images between the emmetropic and the highly myopic eyes (p < 0.001). There was a negative correlation between the retina’s curvature and relative peripheral refraction for both temporal (Pearson r = −0.459; p < 0.01) and nasal (Pearson r = −0.277; p = 0.011) retina. For the highly myopic eyes, the amount of peripheral hyperopic defocus is correlated to its ocular shape deformation. This could be the first study investigating the relationship between peripheral refraction and ocular dimension in high myopes, and it is hoped to provide useful knowledge of how the development of myopia changes human eye shape.

scholarly journals PROCESSING MECHANISMS OF EYE-HEAD CUES AND EYE-FINGER-POINTING CUES IN THE DOT-PERSPECTIVE TASK

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cong Fan
Keyword(s):  
Dominant Role ◽  
Attentional Orienting ◽  
Validity Effect ◽  
Facial Cues ◽  
Gaze Aversion ◽  
Cue Validity ◽  
Social Communications ◽  
Visual Access ◽  
Consistency Effect ◽  
Processing Mechanisms

<p><b>Calculating others’ visual perspective automatically is a pivotal ability in human’s social communications. In the dot-perspective task, the ability is shown as a consistency effect: adults respond more slowly to judge the number of discs that they can see when a computer-generated avatar sees fewer discs. The implicit mentalising account attributes the effect to relatively automatic tracking of others’ visual perspectives. However, the submentalising account attributes the effect to domain-general attentional orienting. Accordingly, three studies were conducted to elucidate the ongoing implicit mentalising vs. submentalising debate.</b></p> <p>Study 1 (comprising Experiments 1 and 2) replicated the consistency effect either when real-human-face or spatial layout of discs was considered. Study 2 (comprising of Experiments 3 and 4) dissociated two accounts by manipulating real human’s facial cues. In Experiment 3, using a new visual access manipulation (i.e., a black rectangle placed on an agent’s eyes for rendering an invisible condition), a consistency effect was induced for eyes-opened but not eyes-covered faces with head direction, suggesting implicit mentalising. Experiment 4 firstly compared implicit mentalising (via consistency effect in the dot-perspective task) with attentional orienting (via a cue-validity effect in Posner task) when manipulating eye-head cues (head-front-gaze-averted versus head-turned-gaze-maintained). Neither effect was modulated by eye-head-related directional cue, but the cue-validity effect’s elicitation seemed to be related to the directional cue’s dynamic property. Overall, implicit mentalising as revealed in consistency effect cannot be purely reduced to attentional-orienting-related submentalising processes.</p> <p>Study 3 (comprising of Experiments 5 to 7) further clarified the debate by considering the agent’s different body cues. Experiment 5 extended the findings of Experiment 4 by generating a new eye-head-cue comparison (head-front-gaze-averted vs. head-turned-gaze-averted). Directional cue modulated cue-validity effect but not consistency effect, favouring Study 2’s conclusion. Experiment 6 adopted a new body-cue-manipulation (gaze-averted vs. finger-pointing). Both cue-validity and consistency effects were elicited for finger-pointing but not gaze-averted agents, supporting submentalising. Experiment 7 combined finger-pointing with visual access’s manipulation (eyes-opened vs. eyes-covered) on the dot-perspective task. Visual access did not modulate the consistency effect when finger-pointing was simultaneously displayed, supporting submentalising. Altogether, gaze aversion cues appear to play a dominant role in moderating implicit mentalising on the dot-perspective task, but the process may be interfered by the easily-discriminable finger-pointing cues via an attentional orienting mechanism.</p>

scholarly journals Processing Mechanisms Of Eye-Head Cues And Eye-Finger-Pointing Cues In The Dot-Perspective Task

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cong Fan
Keyword(s):  
Dominant Role ◽  
Attentional Orienting ◽  
Validity Effect ◽  
Facial Cues ◽  
Gaze Aversion ◽  
Cue Validity ◽  
Social Communications ◽  
Visual Access ◽  
Consistency Effect ◽  
Processing Mechanisms

<p><b>Calculating others’ visual perspective automatically is a pivotal ability in human’s social communications. In the dot-perspective task, the ability is shown as a consistency effect: adults respond more slowly to judge the number of discs that they can see when a computer-generated avatar sees fewer discs. The implicit mentalising account attributes the effect to relatively automatic tracking of others’ visual perspectives. However, the submentalising account attributes the effect to domain-general attentional orienting. Accordingly, three studies were conducted to elucidate the ongoing implicit mentalising vs. submentalising debate.</b></p> <p>Study 1 (comprising Experiments 1 and 2) replicated the consistency effect either when real-human-face or spatial layout of discs was considered. Study 2 (comprising of Experiments 3 and 4) dissociated two accounts by manipulating real human’s facial cues. In Experiment 3, using a new visual access manipulation (i.e., a black rectangle placed on an agent’s eyes for rendering an invisible condition), a consistency effect was induced for eyes-opened but not eyes-covered faces with head direction, suggesting implicit mentalising. Experiment 4 firstly compared implicit mentalising (via consistency effect in the dot-perspective task) with attentional orienting (via a cue-validity effect in Posner task) when manipulating eye-head cues (head-front-gaze-averted versus head-turned-gaze-maintained). Neither effect was modulated by eye-head-related directional cue, but the cue-validity effect’s elicitation seemed to be related to the directional cue’s dynamic property. Overall, implicit mentalising as revealed in consistency effect cannot be purely reduced to attentional-orienting-related submentalising processes.</p> <p>Study 3 (comprising of Experiments 5 to 7) further clarified the debate by considering the agent’s different body cues. Experiment 5 extended the findings of Experiment 4 by generating a new eye-head-cue comparison (head-front-gaze-averted vs. head-turned-gaze-averted). Directional cue modulated cue-validity effect but not consistency effect, favouring Study 2’s conclusion. Experiment 6 adopted a new body-cue-manipulation (gaze-averted vs. finger-pointing). Both cue-validity and consistency effects were elicited for finger-pointing but not gaze-averted agents, supporting submentalising. Experiment 7 combined finger-pointing with visual access’s manipulation (eyes-opened vs. eyes-covered) on the dot-perspective task. Visual access did not modulate the consistency effect when finger-pointing was simultaneously displayed, supporting submentalising. Altogether, gaze aversion cues appear to play a dominant role in moderating implicit mentalising on the dot-perspective task, but the process may be interfered by the easily-discriminable finger-pointing cues via an attentional orienting mechanism.</p>

Visual field inhomogeneous in brain-computer interfaces based on rapid serial visual presentation

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shangen Zhang ◽  
Xiaogang Chen ◽  
Yijun Wang ◽  
Baolin Liu ◽  
Xiaorong Gao
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Visual Attention ◽  
Rapid Serial Visual Presentation ◽  
Visual Fields ◽  
Visual Presentation ◽  
Lower Visual Field ◽  
Horizontal Meridian ◽  
Vertical Meridian ◽  
Upper Visual Field ◽  
Better Than

Abstract Objective. Visual attention is not homogeneous across the visual field, while how to mine the effective EEG characteristics that are sensitive to the inhomogeneous of visual attention and further explore applications such as the performance of brain-computer interface (BCI) are still distressing explorative scientists. Approach. Images were encoded into a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) paradigm, and were presented in three visuospatial patterns (central, left/right, upper/lower) at the stimulation frequencies of 10Hz, 15Hz and 20Hz. The comparisons among different visual fields were conducted in the dimensions of subjective behavioral and EEG characteristics. Furthermore, the effective features (e.g. SSVEP, N2pc and P300) that sensitive to visual-field asymmetry were also explored. Results. The visual fields had significant influences on the performance of RSVP target detection, in which the performance of central was better than that of peripheral visual field, the performance of horizontal meridian was better than that of vertical meridian, the performance of left visual field was better than that of right visual field, and the performance of upper visual field was better than that of lower visual field. Furthermore, stimuli of different visual fields had significant effects on the spatial distributions of EEG, in which N2pc and P300 showed left-right asymmetry in occipital and frontal regions, respectively. In addition, the evidences of SSVEP characteristics indicated that there was obvious overlap of visual fields on the horizontal meridian, but not on the vertical meridian. Significance. The conclusions of this study provide insights into the relationship between visual field inhomogeneous and EEG characteristics. In addition, this study has the potential to achieve precise positioning of the target's spatial orientation in RSVP-BCIs.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Ocular Refractive State in Fighting Bulls: Astigmatism Prevalence

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Juan M. Bueno ◽  
Matteo Lo Sapio ◽  
J. Manuel Sanes ◽  
Juan Seva
Keyword(s):  
Post Mortem ◽  
Horizontal Meridian ◽  
Vertical Meridian ◽  
Refractive State ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
First Time ◽  
Selection Of

The purpose of this study was to describe the ocular refractive state (ORS) of fighting bulls. The study consisted of 90 ophthalmological healthy animals (85 in post-mortem and 5 in living conditions, resp.). The ORS of the eyes (2 per animal) was determined using streak retinoscopy. In vivo animals were assessed at a fighting bull farm facility. Post-mortem measurements were carried out at a local arena. The ORS along the horizontal meridian ranged between −1.00 and +2.50 diopters (D), with a mean of +0.66±0.85 D in post-mortem animals. Values for in vivo conditions were similar (+0.75±0.46 D). Left and right eyes were highly correlated in both sets (p<0.001). A fairly good correlation was also observed when comparing living and post-mortem eyes in the same animals. Anisometropia ≥ 1.00 D was diagnosed in 3 animals. Astigmatism (≥+0.5 D) was detected in 93% of the eyes. To our knowledge, the ORS of the fighting bull has been reported for the first time. Although values vary among individuals, all eyes presented a marked astigmatism. Whereas the horizontal meridian was slightly hyperopic, the vertical meridian was always closer to emmetropia. These results represent a starting point to understand the ocular optics of this kind of animals, which might benefit the selection of animals at the farm before being sent to the bullfighting arena.

Spatial vision of the cat: Variation with eccentricity

1991 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiana Pasternak ◽  
Kris Horn
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Frequency ◽  
Contrast Sensitivity ◽  
High Spatial Frequency ◽  
Spatial Vision ◽  
Target Size ◽  
Horizontal Meridian ◽  
Resolution Limit ◽  
Vertical Meridian ◽  
Area Centralis ◽  
Grating Acuity

AbstractWe examined the grating acuity and contrast sensitivity of cats whose eye position was monitored with a scleral search-coil technique. During each trial, the cat was required to maintain fixation on a laser spot and respond to the presence or the absence of a grating by pressing a right or left pedal. With this procedure, acuity was measured along the horizontal and vertical meridian over a range of eccentricities in the nasal, temporal, superior, and inferior retina. In addition, contrast sensitivity for stationary and drifting gratings was measured for the temporal retina along the horizontal meridian. Acuity in area centralis reached about 3.5 cycle\deg and declined by 0.5 octaves at 4 deg and by about 1.3 octaves at 16-deg eccentricity in the nasal retina. The acuity was higher in the nasal than temporal retina. At all eccentricities, spatial resolution exceeded the resolution limit derived from Y (alpha)-cell properties. Contrast sensitivity also decreased as the eccentricity increased when the target size was held constant. The slope of sensitivity-eccentricity function was relatively shallow for a low spatial frequency (0.30 cycle\deg) with sensitivity decreasing by a factor of 1.5–2 at 8-deg eccentricity. The slope of the sensitivity falloff for high spatial-frequency gratings (1.2 cycle\deg) was steeper, with a 5–10-fold difference in sensitivity between 0 and 8 deg. By varying the target size, we determined that the summation area in the cat is about a factor of 3 smaller in area centralis than a 16-deg eccentricity. When the size of the centrally and peripherally viewed targets was scaled relative to visual acuity, the sensitivity was constant across the visual field.

The effect of brief auditory non-vocal emotional cues on visual spatial attention

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (0) ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
Neil R. Harrison ◽  
Simon Davies
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Attention ◽  
Emotional Content ◽  
Validity Effect ◽  
Emotional Stimuli ◽  
Cue Validity ◽  
Visual Spatial Attention ◽  
Visual Spatial ◽  
Auditory Cue ◽  
Visual Targets ◽  
The Right

It is well established that emotional stimuli can modulate selective spatial attention within the same modality. Recent research has shown that the emotional content of a stimulus in one modality can modify spatial attention in a separate modality (Brosch et al., 2008). So far, this effect has been shown only for emotional stimuli consisting of prosody cues, and it remains unclear how non-vocal emotional auditory cues affect visual spatial attention. The current experiment used a modified spatial cueing design to assess the effects of brief (1000 ms) non-vocal emotional (positive, negative, or neutral) auditory stimuli on visual spatial attention. Participants were required to indicate whether a visual (non-emotional) target appeared either in the left or the right visual field, after hearing a spatially non-predictive peripheral auditory cue. The auditory cue could be on the same side as the visual target (‘valid’ trial) or on the opposite side (‘invalid’ trial). Overall participants were faster to respond to visual targets that appeared on the same side as the auditory cue. Importantly, the magnitude of the cue validity effect (RT to invalid minus RT to valid cue) differed according to the emotional content of the auditory stimulus, but only for visual targets appearing in the right hemifield. Here, for non-vocal auditory signals, the cue validity effect was reduced for negative cues compared to neutral and positive stimuli, showing an opposite pattern to experiments that have reported an enhanced cue validity effect for emotional prosody stimuli (e.g., Brosch et al., 2008).

scholarly journals Tectal etiology for irrepressible saccades: a case study in a Rhesus monkey

F1000Research ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 85 ◽  
Author(s):  
James W Gnadt ◽  
Christopher T Noto ◽  
Jagmeet S Kanwal
Keyword(s):  
Rhesus Monkey ◽  
Horizontal Meridian ◽  
Visual Stability ◽  
Vertical Meridian ◽  
Brain Circuits ◽  
The Common ◽  
Saccadic Intrusions ◽  
Common Target ◽  
Post Onset

Brain circuits controlling eye movements are widely distributed and complex. The etiology of irrepressible square wave saccades is not fully understood and is likely different for different neuropathologies. In a previous study, spontaneously occurring irrepressible saccades were noted after a cerebrovascular accident that damaged the rostral superior colliculus (SC) and its commissure in a Rhesus monkey. Here, we tracked and quantified the development of similar symptoms in a Rhesus monkey caused by a lesion in the rostromedial SC and its commissure. We documented the changes in these saccadic intrusions while the monkey attempted fixation of a target on three consecutive days post-onset. On the first day, eye jerk amplitude was ~10 degrees and the direction was ~30 degrees above the left horizontal meridian. On the second day, the amplitude decreased to 6.5 degrees and the direction shifted towards vertical, ~20 degrees to the left of the vertical meridian. Size, but not direction, of the eye jerks continued to decrease until intrusions dissipated within one month. Histological examination after ~6 months from the first appearance of the intrusions revealed a lesion in the commissure of the SC. Results from this and the previous study confirm the involvement of the commissure of the SC as the common target for triggering this neuropathy. Our data suggest that commissural fibers play an important role in maintaining normal visual stability. Interrupting the commissure between the two superior colliculi causes saccadic intrusions in the form of irrepressible jerking of the eyes, probably by disrupting inhibitory signals transmitted through the commissure. Furthermore, disappearance of the symptoms suggests that inhibitory fields within the SC are plastic and can expand, possibly via inputs from inter-collicular and nigrotectal pathways.

scholarly journals PROCESSING MECHANISMS OF EYE-HEAD CUES AND EYE-FINGER-POINTING CUES IN THE DOT-PERSPECTIVE TASK

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cong Fan
Keyword(s):  
Dominant Role ◽  
Attentional Orienting ◽  
Validity Effect ◽  
Facial Cues ◽  
Gaze Aversion ◽  
Cue Validity ◽  
Social Communications ◽  
Visual Access ◽  
Consistency Effect ◽  
Processing Mechanisms

<p><b>Calculating others’ visual perspective automatically is a pivotal ability in human’s social communications. In the dot-perspective task, the ability is shown as a consistency effect: adults respond more slowly to judge the number of discs that they can see when a computer-generated avatar sees fewer discs. The implicit mentalising account attributes the effect to relatively automatic tracking of others’ visual perspectives. However, the submentalising account attributes the effect to domain-general attentional orienting. Accordingly, three studies were conducted to elucidate the ongoing implicit mentalising vs. submentalising debate.</b></p> <p>Study 1 (comprising Experiments 1 and 2) replicated the consistency effect either when real-human-face or spatial layout of discs was considered. Study 2 (comprising of Experiments 3 and 4) dissociated two accounts by manipulating real human’s facial cues. In Experiment 3, using a new visual access manipulation (i.e., a black rectangle placed on an agent’s eyes for rendering an invisible condition), a consistency effect was induced for eyes-opened but not eyes-covered faces with head direction, suggesting implicit mentalising. Experiment 4 firstly compared implicit mentalising (via consistency effect in the dot-perspective task) with attentional orienting (via a cue-validity effect in Posner task) when manipulating eye-head cues (head-front-gaze-averted versus head-turned-gaze-maintained). Neither effect was modulated by eye-head-related directional cue, but the cue-validity effect’s elicitation seemed to be related to the directional cue’s dynamic property. Overall, implicit mentalising as revealed in consistency effect cannot be purely reduced to attentional-orienting-related submentalising processes.</p> <p>Study 3 (comprising of Experiments 5 to 7) further clarified the debate by considering the agent’s different body cues. Experiment 5 extended the findings of Experiment 4 by generating a new eye-head-cue comparison (head-front-gaze-averted vs. head-turned-gaze-averted). Directional cue modulated cue-validity effect but not consistency effect, favouring Study 2’s conclusion. Experiment 6 adopted a new body-cue-manipulation (gaze-averted vs. finger-pointing). Both cue-validity and consistency effects were elicited for finger-pointing but not gaze-averted agents, supporting submentalising. Experiment 7 combined finger-pointing with visual access’s manipulation (eyes-opened vs. eyes-covered) on the dot-perspective task. Visual access did not modulate the consistency effect when finger-pointing was simultaneously displayed, supporting submentalising. Altogether, gaze aversion cues appear to play a dominant role in moderating implicit mentalising on the dot-perspective task, but the process may be interfered by the easily-discriminable finger-pointing cues via an attentional orienting mechanism.</p>

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