scholarly journals Genome variation and population structure among 1,142 mosquitoes of the African malaria vector species Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Chris S Clarkson ◽  
Alistair Miles ◽  
Nicholas J Harding ◽  
Eric R Lucas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Malaria Vector ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Anopheles Coluzzii ◽  
Vector Species ◽  
Genome Variation ◽  
Data Resource ◽  
Malaria Burden

AbstractMosquito control remains a central pillar of efforts to reduce malaria burden in sub-Saharan Africa. However, insecticide resistance is entrenched in malaria vector populations, and countries with high malaria burden face a daunting challenge to sustain malaria control with a limited set of surveillance and intervention tools. Here we report on the second phase of a project to build an open resource of high quality data on genome variation among natural populations of the major African malaria vector species Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii. We analysed whole genomes of 1,142 individual mosquitoes sampled from the wild in 13 African countries, and a further 234 individuals comprising parents and progeny of 11 lab crosses. The data resource includes high confidence single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) calls at 57 million variable sites, genome-wide copy number variation (CNV) calls, and haplotypes phased at biallelic SNPs. We used these data to analyse genetic population structure, and characterise genetic diversity within and between populations. We also illustrate the utility of these data by investigating species differences in isolation by distance, genetic variation within proposed gene drive target sequences, and patterns of resistance to pyrethroid insecticides. This data resource provides a foundation for developing new operational systems for molecular surveillance, and for accelerating research and development of new vector control tools.

scholarly journals Unravelling population structure heterogeneity within the genome of the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae

BMC Genomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Melina Campos ◽  
Luisa D. P. Rona ◽  
Katie Willis ◽  
George K. Christophides ◽  
Robert M. MacCallum
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Malaria Vector ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Gene Clusters ◽  
Selective Sweeps ◽  
Structure Heterogeneity ◽  
Genomic Studies ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Genomic Regions

Abstract Background Whole genome re-sequencing provides powerful data for population genomic studies, allowing robust inferences of population structure, gene flow and evolutionary history. For the major malaria vector in Africa, Anopheles gambiae, other genetic aspects such as selection and adaptation are also important. In the present study, we explore population genetic variation from genome-wide sequencing of 765 An. gambiae and An. coluzzii specimens collected from across Africa. We used t-SNE, a recently popularized dimensionality reduction method, to create a 2D-map of An. gambiae and An. coluzzii genes that reflect their population structure similarities. Results The map allows intuitive navigation among genes distributed throughout the so-called “mainland” and numerous surrounding “island-like” gene clusters. These gene clusters of various sizes correspond predominantly to low recombination genomic regions such as inversions and centromeres, and also to recent selective sweeps. Because this mosquito species complex has been studied extensively, we were able to support our interpretations with previously published findings. Several novel observations and hypotheses are also made, including selective sweeps and a multi-locus selection event in Guinea-Bissau, a known intense hybridization zone between An. gambiae and An. coluzzii. Conclusions Our results present a rich dataset that could be utilized in functional investigations aiming to shed light onto An. gambiae s.l genome evolution and eventual speciation. In addition, the methodology presented here can be used to further characterize other species not so well studied as An. gambiae, shortening the time required to progress from field sampling to the identification of genes and genomic regions under unique evolutionary processes.

scholarly journals Effect of bendiocarb based (Ficam® 80% WP) Indoor Residual Spraying on feeding patterns from malaria vectors in Burkina Faso, West Africa.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sawdetuo Aristide HIEN ◽  
Dieudonné Diloma Soma ◽  
Simon Pengwende Sawadogo ◽  
Serge Bèwadéyir Poda ◽  
Moussa Namountougou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Malaria Transmission ◽  
Malaria Vector ◽  
Indoor Residual Spraying ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
Malaria Vectors ◽  
Anopheles Coluzzii ◽  
Transmission Season ◽  
Density Methods

Abstract Background The fight against vector is essential in malaria prevention strategies in several endemic countries in Africa. In Burkina Faso, malaria transmission is seasonal in most parts of country, so a single round of spraying should provide effective protection against malaria, provided the insecticide remains effective over the entire malaria transmission season. The outcomes of indoor residual spraying towards curtailing malaria transmission are firstly to decrease the life span of vector mosquitoes and also to reduce the malaria vectors density. Methods CDC light trap and early morning collections by pyrethrum spray catches were performed monthly to determine the change in malaria vector indices in sprayed (Diebougou) and unsprayed sites (Dano). The female’s malaria vectors collected by both methods were used to determine their blood feeding, biting and sporozoites rate and malaria transmission risk estimated by entomological inoculation rate. Results Anopheles gambiae complex composed to Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles coluzzii and Anopheles arabiensis were present throughout the transmission season, but An. gambiae was the predominant species collected (P =0.0005), comprising 88% of the total collected and the most infected species. Malaria vectors densities were significantly lower in sprayed villages (n=4,303) compared with unsprayed villages (n=12,569) during post-spraying period (P = 0.0012). In addition, mean human biting rate of An. gambiae sl and An . funestus ss were significantly lower in sprayed areas compared to unsprayed areas (P<0.05). Overall, malaria vector transmission risk was significant lower in villages which received IRS (P=0.0001) whatever the malaria vectors species ( An. gambiae sl and An. funestus ss). Conclusions The results showed that in the sprayed area (Diebougou), vector densities, human biting rates and malaria transmission risks were very lower than unsprayed areas (Dano). The findings also showed a change in vector behavior especially within An. funestus which became more zoophagic following IRS. The indoor residual spraying could be recommanded as control tool in areas where malaria transmission occured a given period of year.

Justifying an Intentional Species Extinction: The Case of Anopheles gambiae

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Edward Callies ◽  
Yasha Rohwer
Keyword(s):  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Malaria Vector ◽  
Malaria Parasite ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Species Extinction ◽  
Malaria Burden ◽  
Subjective Value ◽  
The World ◽  
Genetic Technologies ◽  
Sub Saharan

Each year, over 200 million people are infected with the malaria parasite, nearly half a million of whom succumb to the disease. Emerging genetic technologies could, in theory, eliminate the burden of malaria throughout the world by intentionally eradicating the mosquitoes that transmit the disease. In this paper, we offer an ethical examination of the intentional eradication of Anopheles gambiae, the main malaria vector of sub-Saharan Africa. In our evaluation, we focus on two main considerations: the benefit of alleviating the malaria burden, and the loss of value that would accompany the eradication of the species. We outline a typology of the different ways in which species are valued or could be valuable, then use that typology to appraise the value of the species in question. We argue that Anopheles gambiae has minor (and redundant) instrumental value, little final subjective value and no objective final value.

scholarly journals Microsporidia MB is found predominantly associated with Anopheles gambiae s.s and Anopheles coluzzii in Ghana

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jewelna Akorli ◽  
Esinam Abla Akorli ◽  
Seraphim Naa Afoley Tetteh ◽  
Godwin Kwame Amlalo ◽  
Millicent Opoku ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Malaria Vector ◽  
Sibling Species ◽  
Horizontal Transfer ◽  
Anopheles Arabiensis ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Anopheles Coluzzii ◽  
Vector Species ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae S.S ◽  
Sub Saharan

AbstractA vertically transmitted microsporidian, Microsporidia MB, with the ability to disrupt Plasmodium development was reported in Anopheles arabiensis from Kenya, East Africa. To demonstrate its range of incidence, archived DNA samples from 7575 Anopheles mosquitoes collected from Ghana were screened. MB prevalence was observed at 1.8%. An. gambiae s.s constituted 87% of positive mosquitoes while the remaining were from An. coluzzii. Both sibling species had similar positivity rates (24% and 19%; p = 0.42) despite the significantly higher number of An. gambiae s.s analysed (An. gambiae s.s = 487; An. coluzzii = 94; p = 0.0005). The microsporidian was also more prevalent in emerged adults from field-collected larvae than field-caught adults (p < 0.0001) suggestive of an efficient vertical transmission and/or horizontal transfer among larvae. This is the first report of Microsporidia MB in Anopheles mosquitoes in West Africa. It indicates possible widespread among malaria vector species and warrants investigations into the symbiont’s diversity across sub-Saharan Africa.

scholarly journals Characterization of malaria vectors in Huye District, Southern Rwanda

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chantal Nyirakanani ◽  
Raymond Chibvongodze ◽  
Lenson Kariuki ◽  
Michael Habtu ◽  
Moses Masika ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Malaria Transmission ◽  
Malaria Vector ◽  
Light Trap ◽  
Circumsporozoite Protein ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Vector Species ◽  
Larval Habitats ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae S.L

Background: Effective control of malaria requires knowledge of vector species, their feeding and resting behaviour as well as breeding habitats. The objective of this study was to determine malaria vector species abundance and identify their larval habitats in Huye district, southern Rwanda.Methods: Adult mosquitoes were collected indoors using light trap and pyrethrum spray catch techniques, and outdoors using light traps. Female Anopheles mosquitoes were identified to species level by morphological characteristics. Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) was used to screen for Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein and host blood meal sources. Anopheles larvae were sampled using dippers and raised into adult mosquitoes which were identified morphologically.Results: Anopheles gambiae sensu lato comprised of 70% of the 567 Anopheles collected. Other Anopheles species identified were An. funestus 4%, An. squamosus 16.5%, An. maculipalpis 6.5%, An. ziemanni 1.7%, An. pharoensis 1.2 % and An. coustani 0.1%. The majority, 63.5% of the collected mosquitoes were from indoors collections. The overall human blood index was 0.509. The P. falciparum circumsporozoite protein was found in 11 mosquitos including 8 Anopheles gambiae s.l. and 3 secondary vectors out of the 567 tested. The overall sporozoite rate was 1.9%. A total of 661 Anopheline larvae from 22 larval habitats were collected. They comprised of An. gambiae s.l. (89%) and An. ziemanni (11%). The absolute breeding index was 86.4%. The most common larval habitats were in full sunlight with still water like rice paddies and pools of stagnant water.Conclusion: These findings show that Anopheles gambiae s.l. is the dominant malaria vector in the area with other vectors playing a secondary role in malaria transmission. Malaria interventions need to be strengthened to reduce even further the malaria transmission in the area. 

scholarly journals Novel genotyping approaches to easily detect genomic admixture between the major Afrotropical malaria vector species, Anopheles coluzzii and An. gambiae

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beniamino Caputo ◽  
Verena Pichler ◽  
Giordano Bottà ◽  
Carlo De Marco ◽  
Christina Hubbart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Vector ◽  
Anopheles Coluzzii ◽  
Vector Species

scholarly journals Dominant malaria vector species in Nigeria: Modelling potential distribution of Anopheles gambiae sensu lato and its siblings with MaxEnt

PLoS ONE ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. e0204233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Godwin E. Akpan ◽  
Kayode A. Adepoju ◽  
Olakunle R. Oladosu ◽  
Samuel A. Adelabu
Keyword(s):  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Malaria Vector ◽  
Potential Distribution ◽  
Vector Species

scholarly journals First detection of N1575Y mutation in pyrethroid resistant Anopheles gambiae in Southern Côte d’Ivoire

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ako Victorien Constant Edi ◽  
Bedjou Prisca N'Dri ◽  
Mouhamadou Chouaibou ◽  
Fondjo Behi Kouadio ◽  
Patricia Pignatelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Malaria Vector ◽  
Cote D'ivoire ◽  
Côte D’Ivoire ◽  
World Health ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Anopheles Coluzzii ◽  
Site Mutation ◽  
Cote D’Ivoire ◽  
Côte D'ivoire

Background. The intensification of insecticide use for both public health and agriculture in Africa has contributed to growing insecticide resistance. Today, resistance to World Health Organization (WHO)-approved insecticide classes is widespread. In an agricultural area of Southern Côte d’Ivoire, the main malaria vector Anopheles coluzzii shows multiple resistance across insecticides mediated by both target site mutation and metabolic mechanisms. To plan new vector control strategies and avert future resistance liabilities caused by cross-resistance mechanisms extant within populations, it is crucial to monitor the development and spread of both resistance and mechanisms. Methods.  Larvae of Anopheles gambiae were collected from natural breeding sites in Tiassalé and Elibou, between April and November 2016 and raised to adults. Adult female non-blood fed mosquitoes, three to five days old, were exposed to deltamethrin in WHO bioassays. Extracted DNA samples from exposed mosquitoes were used for species characterisation and genotyping. Results. Most adult An. gambiae tested were resistant to deltamethrin, with mortality rates of only 25% in Tiassalé and 4.4% in Elibou. Molecular analysis of DNA from samples tested showed the presence of both An. coluzzii and An. gambiae s.s in Elibou and only An. coluzzii for Tiassalé. As previously, the L1014F kdr mutation was present at high frequency (79%) in Tiassalé and the L1014S mutation was absent. The N1575Y mutation, which amplifies resistance conferred by L1014F was detected in a single unique individual from a Tiassalé An. coluzzii female whereas in Elibou 1575Y was present in 10 An. gambiae s.s, but not in An. coluzzii. Conclusion. This is the first report of the N1575Y mutation in Côte d’Ivoire, and as in other populations, it is found in both dominant West African malaria vector species. Continued monitoring of N1575Y is underway, as are studies to elucidate its contribution to the resistance of local vector populations.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document