The paper presents a method for geometric modelling of a four-dimensional ball. For this, the regularities of the change in the shape of the projections of simple geometric images of two-dimensional and three-dimensional spaces during rotation are considered. Rotations of a segment and a circle around an axis are considered; it is shown that during rotation the shape of their projections changes from the maximum value to the degenerate projection.
It was found that the set of points of the degenerate projection belongs to the axis of rotation, and each n-dimensional geometric image during rotation forms a body of a higher dimension, that is, one that belongs to (n + 1) -dimensional space. Identified regularities are extended to the four-dimensional space in which the ball is placed. It is shown that the axis of rotation of the ball will be a degenerate projection in the form of a circle, and the ball, when rotating, changes its size from a volumetric object to a flat circle, then increases again, but in the other direction (that is, it turns out), and then in reverse order to its original position. This rotation is more like a deformation, and such a ball of four-dimensional space is a hypersphere. For geometric modelling of the hypersphere and the possibility of its projection image, the article uses the vector model proposed by P.V. Filippov. The coordinate system 0xyzt is defined. The algebraic equation of the hypersphere is given by analogy with the three-dimensional space along certain coordinates of the center a, b, c, d. A variant of hypersection at t = 0 is considered, which confirms by equations obtaining a two-dimensional ball of three-dimensional space, a point (a ball of zero radius), which coincides with the center of the ball, or an imaginary ball. For the variant t = d, the equation of a two-dimensional ball is obtained, in which the radius is equal to R and the coordinates of all points along the 0t axis are equal to d. The variant of hypersection t = k turned out to be interesting, in which the equation of a two-dimensional sphere was obtained, in which the coordinates of all points along the 0t axis are equal to k, and the radius is . Horizontal vector projections of hypersection are constructed for different values of k. It is concluded that the set of horizontal vector projections of hypersections at t = k defines an ellipse.
Dirac and Nodal Line Magnons in Three-Dimensional Antiferromagnets
