Net reaction rate and neutrino emissivity for the Urca process in departure from chemical equilibrium

Μany applications in water quality management have a common key water quality parameter, dissolved oxygen, resulting to the critical role of aeration. On the other hand, in municipal and industrial wastewater, especially where aeration is applied, the presence of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) causes several concerns including a direct threat to humans, partly due to their emission from treatment tanks. pH, temperature and Henry’s Law govern VOCs’ speciation and consequently their emission characteristics. Limited data and simplifications of available mass-transfer models pose obstacles to a realistic approach, especially in the presence of a chemical equilibrium, for example in the case of mercaptans. In the present study the importance of oxygen transfer and stripping of a VOC (n-butyl mercaptan) on aeration’s overall effectiveness are examined separately. Clean water oxygenation and stripping of mercaptan to an inert gas (nitrogen) were studied aiming to consider mass transfer aspects and to investigate the influence of chemical equilibrium between ionic and neutral form of the target compound in neutral and alkaline solutions. Using appropriate mass transfer relationships (dynamic method), experimental data were analyzed for the determination of overall mass transfer coefficient ( kOL,O2α ) of oxygen. Correlating kOL,O2 α with the corresponding mass transfer coefficient of n-butyl mercaptan in neutral solutions (calculated according the model proposed by Matter-Muller et al. [1]), a value of ratio βy of 0.566 is found, close to the reported values of other VOCs with similar values of Henry’s constant. At alkaline pH however the conventional simplified model fails to predict realistic values of mass-transfer coefficients. A coupled differential algebraic equation system, based on mass balances, taking into account dissociation of the compound to be stripped and assuming chemical non-equilibrium conditions during stripping, was developed. Reaction parameter k2 was calculated with non-linear least-squares analysis. The model predicts satisfactorily the experimental data and it provides a useful tool for the semibatch stripper design in situations where a reversible reaction is involved. At pH values below 8.5 mercaptan concentration falls exponentially whereas above 10.5 it tends to linearity. The bubble equilibrates and mercaptan transferred depends upon solubility and not diffusivity. Especially after depletion of initial neutral compound, transport depends upon neutral/ionic form speciation. The effectiveness of stripping n-butyl mercaptan, at a given pH, is mainly determined by a proportionality constant considered as “fugacity capacity” (removal effect on the process) and by a reversible reaction rate constant k2 (kinetic effect on the process). The ‘’fugacity capacity” is determined by hydrophobicity (i.e. low solubility and high limiting activity coefficient) rather than pure-component volatility (i.e. vapor pressure or boiling point). High limiting activity coefficient promotes mercaptan emission due to established vapor-liquid equilibrium, while the low reaction parameter k2, controls neutral compound quantity. At high pH, where ionic form predominates, experimental data showed that stripping was almost independent of the gas flow rate applied. A strong sensitivity of the model to uncertainty of γ∞ was found: γ∞ controls emission rate and through this the dynamic variations of neutral/ionic concentration profiles whereas reaction rate law parameter k2 controls the neutral/ionic transformation and it is the crucial quantity which governs the process at high pH values.

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Investigation of chemical equilibrium kinetics by the electromigration method

Radiochimica Acta ◽

10.1524/ract.91.5.279.20307 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 91 (5) ◽

Author(s):

G. A. Bozhikov ◽

P. I. Ivanov ◽

G. D. Bontchev ◽

O. D. Maslov ◽

M. V. Milanov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diffusion Coefficient ◽

Complex Formation ◽

Stability Constant ◽

Chemical Equilibrium ◽

Reaction Rate ◽

Reaction Rates ◽

Reaction Rate Constant ◽

Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic Acid ◽

Zone Electrophoresis ◽

Chemical Reaction Rates

SummaryThe measurement of the chemical reaction rates for complex formation as well as hydrolysis type reactions by the method of horizontal zone electrophoresis is outlined. The correlation between chemical equilibrium kinetics and electrodiffusion processes in a constant d.c. electric field is described. In model electromigration experiments the reaction rate constant of the formation a complex by Hf(IV) and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) is determined. The electrophoretic mobility, diffusion coefficient and stability constant of the [HfDTPA]

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The nature of the interplay among components of pedagogical content knowledge in reaction rate and chemical equilibrium topics of novice and experienced chemistry teachers

Chemistry Education Research and Practice ◽

10.1039/c7rp00165g ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 80-105 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Fatma Nur Akın ◽

Esen Uzuntiryaki-Kondakci

Keyword(s):

Pedagogical Content Knowledge ◽

Content Knowledge ◽

Chemical Equilibrium ◽

Reaction Rate ◽

Novice Teacher ◽

Experienced Teachers ◽

Instructional Materials ◽

Chemistry Teachers ◽

Pedagogical Content ◽

Depth Analysis

We examined the interactions among pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) components of novice and experienced chemistry teachers in teaching reaction rate and chemical equilibrium topics in this qualitative multiple-case design study. For this aim, three chemistry teachers who had different levels of teaching experience in chemistry teaching were selected through a process of purposeful sampling. Multiple types of data were gathered through more than two months. In order to collect and triangulate data, a card-sorting activity, a Content Representation (CoRe) tool, semi-structured interviews, observation of instruction, and field notes were utilized. Data were analyzed through three approaches: in-depth analysis of explicit PCK, the enumerative approach, and constant comparative methods. The results revealed eight characteristics of the interactions of the PCK components: (a) the novice teacher's orientations towards science, in contrast to the experienced teachers’, were more broad and non-specific, which impeded the interactions among the components, (b) the interplay of the PCK components was idiosyncratic and topic specific, (c) the novice teacher's PCK maps were fragmented while the experienced teachers’ PCK maps were integrated, (d) the experienced teachers, in contrast to the novice teacher, interacted more than two PCK components in most of their teaching fragments, (e) knowledge of learner, knowledge of curriculum and knowledge of instructional strategies were central in the interplays of all teacher maps, (f) the experienced teachers were more successful than the novice teacher in translating their knowledge into practice in terms of the integration among PCK components, (g) teacher self-efficacy appeared to play a role in their use of PCK components and constructing interactions among them, and (h) all teachers taught the same topics with similar lesson plans and the same instructional materials; however, they differed in terms of how they connect the PCK components. Implications and suggestions for teacher education and science education research are presented.

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Identification of High School Students' Understanding on the Reaction Rate Change During Chemical Equilibrium Shift

Journal of the Korean Chemical Society ◽

10.5012/jkcs.2007.51.4.365 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 51 (4) ◽

pp. 365-374 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

High School Students ◽

Chemical Equilibrium ◽

Reaction Rate ◽

Rate Change ◽

School Students ◽

Equilibrium Shift

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EVALUATING OF PRE-SERVICE SCIENCE TEACHERS’ UNDERSTANDING OF GENERAL CHEMISTRY CONCEPTS BY USING TWO TIER DIAGNOSTIC TEST

Journal of Baltic Science Education ◽

10.33225/jbse/16.15.79 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 79-96

Author(s):

Ayfer Mutlu ◽

Burçin Acar Şeşen

Keyword(s):

Diagnostic Test ◽

Science Teachers ◽

Rate Constant ◽

Chemical Equilibrium ◽

Reaction Rate ◽

Reaction Rate Constant ◽

Service Science ◽

Alternative Conceptions ◽

Conservation Of Energy ◽

Acids And Bases

This research aimed at evaluating pre-service science teachers’ understanding of the subject matters such as “thermochemistry, chemical kinetics, chemical equilibrium, acids and bases and electrochemistry”. For this purpose, a two-tier diagnostic test consisting of 44 items (α = 0.84) related to the aforementioned concepts was developed by the researchers. This test was applied on to the first, second, and third year pre-service science teachers in Hasan Ali Yucel Education Faculty, Istanbul University. The results showed that the pre-service science teachers had alternative conceptions about endothermic-exothermic reactions, conservation of energy, reaction enthalpy, calorimeters; rate of reaction, reaction rate constant, effects of some factors on reaction rate and reaction rate constant; effects of some factors on equilibrium, equilibrium dynamics, Le Chatelier Principle; equivalence point, end point, indicators, buffers, titrations, neutralization, strength and properties of acids and bases, pH; effects of concentrations on cell potential, metal electrodes, localization of anode and cathode, plating, galvanization. Key words: acids and bases, alternative conception, chemical equilibrium, chemical kinetic, electrochemistry, thermochemistry, two tier diagnostic test.

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