Aspects of the negative mode problem in quantum tunneling with gravity

This paper seeks to discuss why information theory is so important. What is information, knowledge is interaction of human mind and information, but there is a difference between information theory and knowledge theory. Look into information and particle theory and see how information must have its roots in particle theory. This leads to the concept of spatial dimensions, information density, complexity, particle density, can there be particle complexity, and re-looking at the double slit experiment and quantum tunneling. Information functions/ relations are discussed.

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A Fast and Sensitive Method Combining Reversed-Phase Chromatography with High Resolution Mass Spectrometry to Quantify 2-Fluoro-2-Deoxyglucose and Its Phosphorylated Metabolite for Determining Glucose Uptake

10.26434/chemrxiv.7771142 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Ashley Williams ◽

Deborah Muoio ◽

Guofang Zhang

Keyword(s):

Glucose Uptake ◽

Biological Samples ◽

High Resolution Mass Spectrometry ◽

Reversed Phase ◽

Sodium Adduct ◽

Negative Mode ◽

Glucose Analogues ◽

Positive Mode ◽

Q Exactive ◽

Glucose Analogue

Quantative measurements of the glucose analogue, 2-deoxyglucose (2DG), and its phosphorylated metabolite (2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate (2DG-6-P)) are critical for the measurement of glucose uptake. While the field has long identified the need for sensitive and reliable assays that deploy non-radiolabled glucose analogues to assess glucose uptake, no analytical MS-based methods exist to detect trace amounts in complex biological samples. In the present work, we show that 2DG is poorly suited for MS-based methods due to interfering metabolites. We therefore developed and validated an alternative C18-based LC-Q-Exactive-Orbitrap-MS method using 2-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose (2FDG) to quantify both 2FDG and 2FDG-6-P by measuring the sodium adduct of 2FDG in the positive mode and deprotonation of 2FDG-6-P in the negative mode. The low detection limit of this method can reach 81.4 and 48.8 fmol for both 2FDG and 2FDG-6-P, respectively. The newly developed method was fully validated via calibration curves in the presence and absence of biological matrix. The present work is the first successful LC-MS method that can quantify trace amounts of a nonradiolabeled glucose analogue and its phosphorylated metabolite and is a promising analytical method to determine glucose uptake in biological samples.

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Dualism QM and GR

10.31219/osf.io/8nzwd ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Vitaly Kuyukov

Keyword(s):

Quantum Mechanics ◽

General Theory ◽

Noncommutative Geometry ◽

Quantum Tunneling ◽

Closed Surface ◽

Theory Of Relativity ◽

General Theory Of Relativity ◽

Surface Integral ◽

Definition Of

Quantum tunneling of noncommutative geometry gives the definition of time in the form of holography, that is, in the form of a closed surface integral. Ultimately, the holography of time shows the dualism between quantum mechanics and the general theory of relativity.

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Quantum Tunneling

10.1093/oso/9780198808275.003.0014 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Frank S. Levin

Keyword(s):

Quantum Tunneling ◽

Alpha Particles ◽

Attractive Potential ◽

Scanning Tunneling ◽

Finite Width ◽

Potential Well ◽

Surface Molecules ◽

Repulsive Coulomb ◽

The Subject ◽

The One

Quantum tunneling, wherein a quanject has a non-zero probability of tunneling into and then exiting a barrier of finite width and height, is the subject of Chapter 13. The description for the one-dimensional case is extended to the barrier being inverted, which forms an attractive potential well. The first application of this analysis is to the emission of alpha particles from the decay of radioactive nuclei, where the alpha-nucleus attraction is modeled by a potential well and the barrier is the repulsive Coulomb potential. Excellent results are obtained. Ditto for the similar analysis of proton burning in stars and yet a different analysis that explains tunneling through a Josephson junction, the connector between two superconductors. The final application is to the scanning tunneling microscope, a device that allows the microscopic surfaces of solids to be mapped via electrons from the surface molecules tunneling into the tip of the STM probe.

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Heat Capacity Anomalies Induced by Magnetization Quantum Tunneling in a Mn12O12-Acetate Single Crystal

Physical Review Letters ◽

10.1103/physrevlett.79.1126 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 79 (6) ◽

pp. 1126-1129 ◽

Cited By ~ 71

Author(s):

F. Fominaya ◽

J. Villain ◽

P. Gandit ◽

J. Chaussy ◽

A. Caneschi

Keyword(s):

Heat Capacity ◽

Single Crystal ◽

Quantum Tunneling

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Quantum computing for quantum tunneling

Physical Review D ◽

10.1103/physrevd.103.016008 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 103 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Steven Abel ◽

Nicholas Chancellor ◽

Michael Spannowsky

Keyword(s):

Quantum Computing ◽

Quantum Tunneling

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Helium Isotopes Quantum Sieving through Graphtriyne Membranes

Nanomaterials ◽

10.3390/nano11010073 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 73

Author(s):

Marta I. Hernández ◽

Massimiliano Bartolomei ◽

José Campos-Martínez

Keyword(s):

Low Temperatures ◽

Quantum Tunneling ◽

Transition State Theory ◽

Selective Adsorption ◽

State Theory ◽

Helium Isotopes ◽

Quantum Calculations ◽

Approximate Methods ◽

Helium Atoms ◽

Quantum Behavior

We report accurate quantum calculations of the sieving of Helium atoms by two-dimensional (2D) graphtriyne layers with a new interaction potential. Thermal rate constants and permeances in an ample temperature range are computed and compared for both Helium isotopes. With a pore larger than graphdiyne, the most common member of the γ-graphyne family, it could be expected that the appearance of quantum effects were more limited. We find, however, a strong quantum behavior that can be attributed to the presence of selective adsorption resonances, with a pronounced effect in the low temperature regime. This effect leads to the appearance of some selectivity at very low temperatures and the possibility for the heavier isotope to cross the membrane more efficiently than the lighter, contrarily to what happened with graphdiyne membranes, where the sieving at low energy is predominantly ruled by quantum tunneling. The use of more approximate methods could be not advisable in these situations and prototypical transition state theory treatments might lead to large errors.

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