Essay: Quantum Hall Effect and the New International System of Units

2019 ◽  
Vol 122 (20) ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus von Klitzing
2021 ◽  
pp. 9-13
Author(s):  
Sergey G. Semenchinskiy

The current problem in the field of electrical measurements is considered in connection with the new definitions of SI units of physical quantities adopted by the 26th General Conference on Weights and Measures in November 2018 (France, Versailles), namely, the reproduction of an ohm based on the quantum Hall effect. The reasons for the introduction in 1988 of the Klitzing constant independent of the international system of units and its cancellation in 2018 are explained. The physical foundations of the quantum Hall effect are outlined. The main indirect and direct experiments that led to the creation of an ohm standard based on the quantum Hall effect, including those carried out at VNIIMS in 1982–1986, are analyzed. Using the example of these experiments, the identity of the values of the quantized resistance for samples prepared on the basis of inversion layers in silicon, gallium arsenide and in samples of a fundamentally new substance graphene is shown. Results on the use of graphene to create standards based on the quantum Hall effect for various industries and science based on the latest advances in its production are presented.


ACTA IMEKO ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
Martina Marzano ◽  
Ngoc Thanh Mai Tran ◽  
Vincenzo D'Elia ◽  
Danilo Serazio ◽  
Emanuele Enrico ◽  
...  

<p class="Abstract"><span lang="EN-US">The quantum Hall effect is the basis for the realisation of the resistance and impedance units in the International System of units since 2019. This paper describes a cryogenic probe that allows to set graphene Hall devices in quantisation conditions in a helium bath (4.2 K) and magnetic fields up to 6 T, to perform precision measurements in the AC regime with impedance bridges. The probe has a full coaxial wiring, isolated from the probe structure, and holds the device in a TO-8 socket. First, characterization experiments are reported on a GaAs device, showing quantisation at 5.5 T. <span>In the AC regime, <em>multiple-series</em> connections will be employed to minimize the residual error, quantified by electrical modelling of the probe</span>.</span></p>


2020 ◽  
pp. 26-32
Author(s):  
M. I. Kalinin ◽  
L. K. Isaev ◽  
F. V. Bulygin

The situation that has developed in the International System of Units (SI) as a result of adopting the recommendation of the International Committee of Weights and Measures (CIPM) in 1980, which proposed to consider plane and solid angles as dimensionless derived quantities, is analyzed. It is shown that the basis for such a solution was a misunderstanding of the mathematical formula relating the arc length of a circle with its radius and corresponding central angle, as well as of the expansions of trigonometric functions in series. From the analysis presented in the article, it follows that a plane angle does not depend on any of the SI quantities and should be assigned to the base quantities, and its unit, the radian, should be added to the base SI units. A solid angle, in this case, turns out to be a derived quantity of a plane angle. Its unit, the steradian, is a coherent derived unit equal to the square radian.


1991 ◽  
Vol 44 (8) ◽  
pp. 4006-4009 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. B. Goldberg ◽  
D. Heiman ◽  
M. Dahl ◽  
A. Pinczuk ◽  
L. Pfeiffer ◽  
...  

1998 ◽  
Vol 2 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 523-526
Author(s):  
M.V Budantsev ◽  
Z.D Kvon ◽  
A.G Pogosov ◽  
E.B Olshanetskii ◽  
D.K Maude ◽  
...  

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