Autophagy Plays Prominent Roles in Amino Acid, Nucleotide, and Carbohydrate Metabolism during Fixed-Carbon Starvation in Maize

Vibrio harveyi is one of the pathogens that threaten the shrimp farming industry. However, metabolic changes induced by V. harveyi infection in shrimp remain unknown. In this study, we first conducted high resolution-magic angle spinning (HR-MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics studies on gill, hepatopancreas, and haemolymph of V. harveyi-infected white leg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Using multivariate statistical analysis, we observed a clear separation between the early (3 and 9 h post-injection (hpi)) and late phases (24, 72 and 144 hpi) of the infection in all tissues. Moreover, metabolic changes in response to V. harveyi infection were faster in the haemolymph in the early phase and significantly changed in the late phase of the infection in the gills. Extensive changes were observed in the hepatopancreas, with 24 hpi being the turning point of progression from early to late phase infection in the hepatopancreas. V. harveyi infection increased the energy demand in L. vannamei and the amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism pathways also exhibited significant changes depending on the tissue. Thus, each tissue displayed different metabolic changes, depending on the progress of the infection.

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Carbon starvation mediated changes in carbohydrate metabolism inNeurospora crassa

Journal of Biosciences ◽

10.1007/bf02703476 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 187-192

Author(s):

Meenoti Sonavaria ◽

B. G. Nair ◽

H. S. Chhatpar

Keyword(s):

Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽

Carbon Starvation ◽

Inneurospora Crassa

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Nucleic acid, amino acid, and carbohydrate metabolism of nurse cell nucleoli inMusca domestica

Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences ◽

10.1007/bf01897888 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 25 (8) ◽

pp. 805-807 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

W. Engels ◽

D. Ribbert

Keyword(s):

Amino Acid ◽

Nucleic Acid ◽

Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽

Nurse Cell

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Mutations Enhancing Amino Acid Catabolism Confer a Growth Advantage in Stationary Phase

Journal of Bacteriology ◽

10.1128/jb.181.18.5800-5807.1999 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 181 (18) ◽

pp. 5800-5807 ◽

Cited By ~ 106

Author(s):

Erik R. Zinser ◽

Roberto Kolter

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Stationary Phase ◽

Carbon Starvation ◽

Amino Acid Catabolism ◽

Rich Media ◽

Dying Cells

ABSTRACT Starved cultures of Escherichia coli undergo successive rounds of population takeovers by mutants of increasing fitness. These mutants express the growth advantage in stationary phase (GASP) phenotype. Previous work identified the rpoS819 allele as a GASP mutation allowing cells to take over stationary-phase cultures after growth in rich media (M. M. Zambrano, D. A. Siegele, M. A. Almirón, A. Tormo, and R. Kolter, Science 259:1757–1760, 1993). Here we have identified three new GASP loci from an aged rpoS819 strain: sgaA, sgaB, and sgaC. Each locus is capable of conferring GASP on therpoS819 parent, and they can provide successively higher fitnesses for the bacteria in the starved cultures. All four GASP mutations isolated thus far allow for faster growth on both individual and mixtures of amino acids. Each mutation confers a growth advantage on a different subset of amino acids, and these mutations act in concert to increase the overall catabolic capacity of the cell. We present a model whereby this enhanced ability to catabolize amino acids is responsible for the fitness gain during carbon starvation, as it may allow GASP mutants to outcompete the parental cells when growing on the amino acids released by dying cells.

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Amino Acid and Carbohydrate Metabolism

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition ◽

10.1093/ajcn/21.2.185 ◽

1968 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

pp. 185-187

Author(s):

DAVID ZAKIM ◽

ROBERT H. HERMAN

Keyword(s):

Amino Acid ◽

Carbohydrate Metabolism

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Detection of Metabolic Disorders

Clinical Chemistry ◽

10.1093/clinchem/14.11.1033 ◽

1968 ◽

Vol 14 (11) ◽

pp. 1033-1065 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Helen K Berry ◽

Carolyn Leonard ◽

Helen Peters ◽

Mary Granger ◽

Naree Chunekamrai

Keyword(s):

Amino Acid ◽

Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽

Metabolic Disorders ◽

Mentally Retarded ◽

Routine Screening ◽

Infants And Children ◽

Screening Procedures ◽

Mentally Retarded Children ◽

Urine Specimens

Abstract A scheme for detection of metabolic disorders utilizing commercial dip tests, spot plate tests, and paper chromatographic tests is presented. Specific details are given for preparation and development of chromatograms for routine screening of urine specimens for disorders of amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism. Specialized tests for confirming positive findings in the screening procedures are described. The results are interpreted with regard to the variations encountered in testing normal infants and children, children hospitalized with a variety of diseases, and mentally retarded children. Examples of specific and generalized aminoacidurias are given.

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Effect of thyroid hormones on metabolism. II. The effect of adrenalectomy or hypophysectomy on responses of rat liver enzyme activity to L-thyroxine injection

Canadian Journal of Biochemistry ◽

10.1139/o68-021 ◽

1968 ◽

Vol 46 (2) ◽

pp. 141-150 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

R. A. Freedland ◽

E. H. Avery ◽

A. R. Taylor

Keyword(s):

Enzyme Activity ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽

Amino Acid Metabolism ◽

Acid Metabolism ◽

Marked Effect ◽

Intact Animal ◽

Liver Enzyme Activity ◽

Enzyme Systems ◽

Adrenalectomized Rats

Many enzyme activities which were increased by hydrocortisone were decreased by adrenalectomy. This effect was more apparent with enzymes related to amino acid metabolism than those related to carbohydrate metabolism. The latter, although significantly increased by hydrocortisone, did not show marked decreases after adrenalectomy. Hypophysectomy decreased the activities of many enzyme systems associated with carbohydrate metabolism more drastically than did adrenalectomy. The results with the enzymes related to amino acid metabolism were not as clear. Several of these were decreased to a greater degree after hypophysectomy than after adrenalectomy. In contrast, several enzymes were also increased above the control values after hypophysectomy. Adrenalectomy was particularly efficient in decreasing the activities of several transaminases, and hypophysectomy had a marked effect upon decreasing TPN+-linked enzyme systems.The response of several enzymes to L-thyroxine injections was decreased in magnitude or eliminated after adrenalectomy. This was particularly true for enzymes associated with carbohydrate metabolism. Several enzymes increased by L-thyroxine in intact animals were actually decreased in adrenalectomized rats after this treatment. This was particularly true for serine dehydrase and glutamic–pyruvic transaminase. These results are strongly suggestive of a thyroxine–adrenal interaction in the intact animal. Hypophysectomy had a similar effect on enzyme responses to L-thyroxine, with the exception of glutaminase. Therefore, many of the effects of hypophysectomy may actually be related to a lack of adrenal function. It was observed that the removal of the adrenal had similar effects on responses of enzyme activity after thyroxine treatment, as did pituitary removal. Certain of the enzymes were decreased to a greater extent by hypophysectomy, and others were actually increased in activity after removal of the pituitary. It therefore appears that in many enzyme systems there is a complete requirement for the pituitary and (or) adrenals for a L-thyroxine effect on enzyme activity. In other enzyme systems the dependence appears to occur but does not appear to be complete.

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