Effect of thyroid hormones on metabolism. II. The effect of adrenalectomy or hypophysectomy on responses of rat liver enzyme activity to L-thyroxine injection

Many enzyme activities which were increased by hydrocortisone were decreased by adrenalectomy. This effect was more apparent with enzymes related to amino acid metabolism than those related to carbohydrate metabolism. The latter, although significantly increased by hydrocortisone, did not show marked decreases after adrenalectomy. Hypophysectomy decreased the activities of many enzyme systems associated with carbohydrate metabolism more drastically than did adrenalectomy. The results with the enzymes related to amino acid metabolism were not as clear. Several of these were decreased to a greater degree after hypophysectomy than after adrenalectomy. In contrast, several enzymes were also increased above the control values after hypophysectomy. Adrenalectomy was particularly efficient in decreasing the activities of several transaminases, and hypophysectomy had a marked effect upon decreasing TPN+-linked enzyme systems.The response of several enzymes to L-thyroxine injections was decreased in magnitude or eliminated after adrenalectomy. This was particularly true for enzymes associated with carbohydrate metabolism. Several enzymes increased by L-thyroxine in intact animals were actually decreased in adrenalectomized rats after this treatment. This was particularly true for serine dehydrase and glutamic–pyruvic transaminase. These results are strongly suggestive of a thyroxine–adrenal interaction in the intact animal. Hypophysectomy had a similar effect on enzyme responses to L-thyroxine, with the exception of glutaminase. Therefore, many of the effects of hypophysectomy may actually be related to a lack of adrenal function. It was observed that the removal of the adrenal had similar effects on responses of enzyme activity after thyroxine treatment, as did pituitary removal. Certain of the enzymes were decreased to a greater extent by hypophysectomy, and others were actually increased in activity after removal of the pituitary. It therefore appears that in many enzyme systems there is a complete requirement for the pituitary and (or) adrenals for a L-thyroxine effect on enzyme activity. In other enzyme systems the dependence appears to occur but does not appear to be complete.

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Transcriptomic Responses Induced in Muscle and Adipose Tissues of Growing Pigs by Intravenous Infusion of Sodium Butyrate

Biology ◽

10.3390/biology10060559 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 559

Author(s):

He Zhang ◽

Erdu Ren ◽

Rongying Xu ◽

Yong Su

Keyword(s):

Adipose Tissue ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Lipid Metabolism ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽

Muscle Tissue ◽

Sodium Butyrate ◽

Amino Acid Metabolism ◽

Acid Metabolism ◽

Growing Pigs

Butyrate has a central function in the regulation of energy metabolism as a metabolite of bacterial fermentation. This study evaluated the effects of intravenous sodium butyrate (SB) administration on the transcriptome of muscle and adipose tissue of pigs. Twelve crossbred barrows (Duroc × Landrace × Large White) were fitted with a medical polyethylene cannula via the internal jugular vein and were daily infused with 10 mL SB (200 mmol/L) or the same volume of physiological saline. Muscle transcriptome showed 11 DEGs related to carbohydrate metabolism, 28 DEGs related to lipid metabolism, and 10 DEGs related to amino acid metabolism. Among these, carbohydrate catabolic process-related genes (PPP1R3B, PRPS2, ALDOC), fatty acid synthase (FASN), and lipolysis-related genes (PLIN1) were upregulated, while the carbohydrate biosynthetic process-related genes (PCK1) and most amino acid metabolism-related genes were downregulated. Adipose transcriptome showed 12 DEGs related to carbohydrate metabolism, 27 DEGs related to lipid metabolism, and 10 DEGs related to amino acid metabolism. Among these, carbohydrate metabolism-related genes (IGF1, LEP, SLC2A4) and lipolysis-related genes (LPL) were upregulated, while lipolysis-related genes (ANGPTL4) and most amino acid metabolism-related genes were downregulated. The results suggest that short-term intravenous SB infusion could modulate the muscle and adipose tissue metabolism at the transcriptional level by decreasing amino acid metabolism pathways. Additionally, intravenous SB increased the glucose catabolism in muscle tissue and decreased the glucose utilization in adipose tissue. Intravenous SB increased the fatty acid synthesis, decreased the lipolysis in muscle tissue, and increased the lipolysis in adipose tissue. This suggests that systemic butyrate may display discriminative metabolic regulation in different tissues of barrows.

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Effects of Different Short-Term UV-B Radiation Intensities on Metabolic Characteristics of Porphyra haitanensis

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22042180 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (4) ◽

pp. 2180

Author(s):

Shimei Fu ◽

Song Xue ◽

Jun Chen ◽

Shuai Shang ◽

Hui Xiao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽

Amino Acid Metabolism ◽

Acid Metabolism ◽

Soluble Sugar ◽

Glutathione Metabolism ◽

Short Term ◽

Growth Physiology ◽

Porphyra Haitanensis

The effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation, particularly UV-B on algae, have become an important issue as human-caused depletion of the protecting ozone layer has been reported. In this study, the effects of different short-term UV-B radiation on the growth, physiology, and metabolism of Porphyra haitanensis were examined. The growth of P. haitanensis decreased, and the bleaching phenomenon occurred in the thalli. The contents of total amino acids, soluble sugar, total protein, and mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) increased under different UV-B radiation intensities. The metabolic profiles of P. haitanensis differed between the control and UV-B radiation-treated groups. Most of the differential metabolites in P. haitanensis were significantly upregulated under UV-B exposure. Short-term enhanced UV-B irradiation significantly affected amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, glutathione metabolism, and phenylpropane biosynthesis. The contents of phenylalanine, tyrosine, threonine, and serine were increased, suggesting that amino acid metabolism can promote the synthesis of UV-absorbing substances (such as phenols and MAAs) by providing precursor substances. The contents of sucrose, D-glucose-6-phosphate, and beta-D-fructose-6-phosphate were increased, suggesting that carbohydrate metabolism contributes to maintain energy supply for metabolic activity in response to UV-B exposure. Meanwhile, dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) was also significantly upregulated, denoting effective activation of the antioxidant system. To some extent, these results provide metabolic insights into the adaptive response mechanism of P. haitanensis to short-term enhanced UV-B radiation.

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Amino Acid and Carbohydrate Metabolism Are Coordinated to Maintain Energetic Balance during Drought in Sugarcane

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms21239124 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (23) ◽

pp. 9124

Author(s):

Augusto Lima Diniz ◽

Danielle Izilda Rodrigues da Silva ◽

Carolina Gimiliani Lembke ◽

Maximiller Dal-Bianco Lamas Costa ◽

Felipe ten-Caten ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acid ◽

Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽

Amino Acid Metabolism ◽

Acid Metabolism ◽

Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle ◽

Regulatory Elements ◽

Growth Responses ◽

Agriculture Sustainability ◽

Comprehensive Picture ◽

Energetic Balance

The ability to expand crop plantations without irrigation is a major goal to increase agriculture sustainability. To achieve this end, we need to understand the mechanisms that govern plant growth responses under drought conditions. In this study, we combined physiological, transcriptomic, and genomic data to provide a comprehensive picture of drought and recovery responses in the leaves and roots of sugarcane. Transcriptomic profiling using oligoarrays and RNA-seq identified 2898 (out of 21,902) and 46,062 (out of 373,869) transcripts as differentially expressed, respectively. Co-expression analysis revealed modules enriched in photosynthesis, small molecule metabolism, alpha-amino acid metabolism, trehalose biosynthesis, serine family amino acid metabolism, and carbohydrate transport. Together, our findings reveal that carbohydrate metabolism is coordinated with the degradation of amino acids to provide carbon skeletons to the tricarboxylic acid cycle. This coordination may help to maintain energetic balance during drought stress adaptation, facilitating recovery after the stress is alleviated. Our results shed light on candidate regulatory elements and pave the way to biotechnology strategies towards the development of drought-tolerant sugarcane plants.

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Key Metabolite Differences Between Korean Pine (Pinus koraiensis) Seeds With Primary Physiological Dormancy and No-Dormancy

Frontiers in Plant Science ◽

10.3389/fpls.2021.767108 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Yuan Song ◽

Xiaoye Gao ◽

Yunjie Wu

Keyword(s):

Amino Acid ◽

Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽

Seed Dormancy ◽

Seed Coat ◽

Amino Acid Metabolism ◽

Acid Metabolism ◽

Tca Cycle ◽

Pentose Phosphate ◽

Pinus Koraiensis ◽

Physiological Dormancy

Pinus Koraiensis seeds have physiological dormancy. Cold stratification releases seed dormancy. The changes in metabolite profiles of dormant seeds and cold stratified seeds during shorter incubation time in a favorable condition for seed germination have been studied. However, a more-long-term detection of the changes in metabolites in dormant seeds can identify the real metabolic pathways responsible for dormancy. Metabolite composition was investigated in embryo and megagametophyte of primary physiological dormant seeds (DS) of P. Koraiensis collected at 0, 1, 2, 4, and 6 weeks of incubation and of non-primary physiological dormant seeds (NDS) sampled at 0 and 1 week of incubation, seed coat rupture stage, and radicle protrusion stage. Embryos contained higher levels of most metabolites than megagametophyte. Strong accumulation of most metabolites in DS occurred at 1 and 4 weeks of incubation. A larger reduction in the relative levels of most phosphorylated sugars and amino acids in NDS was found between 1-week-incubation and seed coat rupture stage. The relative levels of metabolites involved in carbohydrate metabolism, especially the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, were higher in the embryos of 4-week-incubated DS, but the relative contents of intermediate metabolites of most amino acid metabolism were lower compared to 1-week-incubated NDS. We suggested that the disturbed carbohydrate metabolism and amino acid metabolism in the embryos of DS after 4 weeks of incubation maybe related to primary dormancy. Our study provides information for a better understanding of the mechanism of seed dormancy.

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Comparative effects of tumour necrosis factor-α (cachectin), interleukin-1-β and tumour growth on amino acid metabolism in the rat in vivo. Absorption and tissue uptake of α-amino[1-14C]isobutyrate

Biochemical Journal ◽

10.1042/bj2610357 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 261 (2) ◽

pp. 357-362 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

J M Argilés ◽

F J López-Soriano ◽

D Wiggins ◽

D H Williamson

Keyword(s):

Amino Acid ◽

Tumour Necrosis ◽

Amino Acid Metabolism ◽

Tumour Growth ◽

Acid Metabolism ◽

Interleukin 1 ◽

Hepatic Uptake ◽

Blood Concentrations ◽

Necrosis Factor ◽

Adrenalectomized Rats

The effects of acute administration of either tumour necrosis factor-alpha (cachectin) (TNF) or interleukin-1-beta (IL-1), or of tumour growth (Walker-256 carcinosarcoma), on blood amino acid concentrations and tissue alpha-amino[1-14C]isobutyrate (AIB) uptake in virgin and lactating rats were compared. Both monokines decreased the blood concentrations of those amino acids (serine, glycine, alanine and proline) transported via the A system. Tumour growth decreased the blood concentrations of serine, proline and histidine, whereas the concentrations of glutamine and leucine were increased. IL-1 decreased the intestinal absorption of AIB in all groups studied; TNF or tumour growth had no effect. Tissue AIB uptake was increased (1.5-2.5-fold) in liver, whereas it was decreased in heart and skeletal muscle of the three treatment groups (except skeletal muscle of the IL-1-treated rats). Lactating rats had lower hepatic uptake of AIB compared with livers of virgin rats. IL-1 increased the hepatic uptake of AIB in lactating rats, but not to the values seen in virgin rats treated with IL-1; there was no effect of the cytokine on muscle or mammary-gland uptake. In adrenalectomized rats, the stimulatory effect of IL-1 on hepatic AIB uptake was diminished, whereas that of TNF still persisted. IL-1 caused a marked decrease of AIB uptake in muscle and heart of adrenalectomized rats, which was accompanied by an increase in the blood concentrations of branched-chain amino acids. These effects did not occur with TNF. It is concluded that the effects of the cytokines on tissue amino acid metabolism may depend on a differential endocrine response involving glucagon and/or glucocorticoids.

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Studies of the enzyme activity of Bact. lactis aerogenes (Aerobacter aerogenes) . II. The effects of various adaptations on the enzyme balance

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rspb.1964.0029 ◽

1964 ◽

Vol 160 (978) ◽

pp. 42-68 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Keyword(s):

Enzyme Activity ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Carbon Source ◽

Crystal Violet ◽

Catalase Activity ◽

Amino Acid Metabolism ◽

Acid Metabolism ◽

Carbon Sources ◽

Aerobacter Aerogenes ◽

Degradative Enzymes

A study has been made of the changes in enzyme balance accompanying the adaptation of Bact, lactis aerogenes to resist various drugs or to utilize lactose. Enzymes directly responsible for the breakdown of the source of carbon and energy prove, in general, to be expanded in cells resistant to streptomycin or crystal violet. Training to these drugs appears to transfer metabolism to anaerobic routes requiring more of the carbon source and thus needing a greater activity of the degradative enzymes. Training to both drugs jointly, however, leaves these enzyme activities unchanged or actually reduces them. After adaptation to resist proflavine, the oxidative and catabolic processes are less active than before, whereas asparagine deaminase, representing part of the amino-acid metabolism, is expanded, perhaps in compensation. The activities of enzymes normally latent in the cell and capable of degrading carbon sources which the cell has not previously used are usually, but not invariably decreased by drug training. In the development of a new cellular economy these enzymes may apparently have to be partially sacrificed. Training to chloramphenicol does not alter the activities of the enzymes studied. Catalase shows little change during training to most of the drugs. During adaptation to utilize lactose the activity of every enzyme studied changes in a way which suggests a co-ordinated pattern. Those enzymes responsible for the breakdown of lactose are expanded and the activities of the non-induced enzymes all show a complex pattern linked with this. Catalase activity falls but asparagine deaminase activity rises.

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Quantification of the importance of individual steps in the control of aromatic amino acid metabolism

Biochemical Journal ◽

10.1042/bj2340635 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 234 (3) ◽

pp. 635-647 ◽

Cited By ~ 103

Author(s):

M Salter ◽

R G Knowles ◽

C I Pogson

Keyword(s):

Enzyme Activity ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Aromatic Amino Acid ◽

Amino Acid Metabolism ◽

Acid Metabolism ◽

Tyrosine Aminotransferase ◽

Control Coefficient ◽

Tryptophan Degradation ◽

Aromatic Amino Acid Metabolism ◽

Control Coefficients

The quantitative importance of the individual steps of aromatic amino acid metabolism in rat liver was determined by calculation of the respective Control Coefficients (Strengths). The Control Coefficient of tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase for tryptophan degradation was determined in a variety of physiological conditions and with a range of activities of tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase. The Control Coefficient varied from 0.75 with basal enzyme activity to 0.25 after maximal induction of the enzyme by dexamethasone. The remainder of the control for tryptophan degradation was associated with the transport of the amino acid across the plasma membrane, with only very small contributions from kynureninase and kynurenine hydroxylase. The Control Coefficients of tyrosine aminotransferase for tyrosine degradation were approx. 0.70 and 0.20 with basal and dexamethasone-induced tyrosine aminotransferase activities respectively; the Control Coefficients of the transport of the amino acid into the cell were 0.22 and 0.58 respectively. Phenylalanine hydroxylase was found to have a Control Coefficient for the degradation of phenylalanine of approx. 0.50 under conditions of basal enzyme activity; after maximal activation by glucagon, the Control Coefficient decreased to 0.12. The transport of phenylalanine was responsible for the remaining control in the pathway. These results have important implications, directly for the regulation of aromatic amino acid metabolism in the liver, and indirectly for the regulation of neuroamine synthesis in the brain.

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