Note. Visual and Instrumental Color Evaluation in Red Wines

2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 439-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Martínez ◽  
M. Melgosa ◽  
M. M. Pérez ◽  
E. Hita ◽  
A. I. Negueruela
Keyword(s):  
Color Difference ◽  
Red Wines ◽  
Preliminary Estimate ◽  
Northern Spain ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Instrumental Color ◽  
A Value ◽  
Normal Color Vision ◽  
Color Differences ◽  
Path Lengths

The color of 15 red wines from several wineries within the renowned wine-producing region Rioja (Northern Spain) was measured by spectrophotometric and spectroradiometric techniques and was visually assessed in a pair-comparison experiment by a panel of 10 experienced observers having normal color vision. Correlation between instrumental color measurements made by spectrophotometric and spectroradiometric techniques was very low, as expected from major differences in the experimental conditions employed (different illumination, path lengths and glass effects). Spectroradiometric measurements at the center of the wine sampler and at positions displaced 1 cm in the horizontal and vertical directions were quite different, mainly because of an increase of the lightness L*, the average color differences between them being high (3.5 and 2.6 CIELAB units, respectively). A 50% acceptance percentage resulted for a color difference of 2.8 CIELAB units, using a reference anchor-pair of wine samples with 4.0 CIELAB units. Thus, a value around 3.0 CIELAB units should be considered a preliminary estimate of the acceptable tolerance by the human eye for red wines poured in standard wine samplers.

scholarly journals Effect of Diet on Bloom Time of Beef

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Insausti ◽  
M. J. Colle ◽  
P. D. Bass ◽  
I. Goenaga ◽  
O. Urrutia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Energy ◽  
Color Measurement ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Northern Spain ◽  
Longissimus Dorsi Muscle ◽  
European Guidelines ◽  
Color Differences ◽  
Typical Period ◽  
H 26 ◽  
The Moment

ObjectivesThe objective of the study was to assess the evolution of the bloom color in beef aged for 8 d to establish the moment of measurement in which values of L*, a* and b* stabilize and are representative of the characteristic color of the meat from beef fed different diets.Materials and MethodsIn the current study, eight young Pirenaica bulls were used. The bulls were born and reared on a private commercial Protected Denomination Origin (PDO)-approved farm located in the region of Navarra (Northern Spain). After weaning at approximately 4 mo of age, the calves were administered the same diet until month 12. The bulls were separated in two groups and each of group was fed a different energy level diet (High energy, H: 2914.2 kcal/kg vs. Low energy, L: 2548.4kcal/kg) until slaughter at 18 mo of age. Diet was based on barley (H: 26% vs. L: 22%), corn (H: 50% vs. L: 45%) and soja (H: 17% and L: 17%). The research was conducted under the highest standards of humane care and use of animals in accordance with European guidelines (EU). Longissimus dorsi muscle was removed after 24 h. post-mortem from the left side of the carcasses, pH was measured, and the meat was transported to the Meat Science Laboratory at the Public University of Navarra (Pamplona, Spain) under refrigeration. Steaks were aged in vacuum for 8 d post-mortem, which is the typical period for this type of meat under the PDO Ternera de Navarra. After aging, L*, a*, and b*were recorded every 3 min (5 repetitions per sample) for 102 min with a Minolta CM 2002 Spectrophotocolorimeter. Data were analyzed using the Linear General Model procedure with the IBM SPSS Statistics 24, and significance was determined at P < 0.05.ResultsThe pH values were 5.56 (H) and 5.50 (L) (P < 0.05) thus, no DFD meat was observed. Color differed depending on diet (L*H: 28.88 vs. L*L: 34.26, P < 0.01; a*H: 26.33 vs. a*L: 18.11, P < 0.001; b*H: 11.58 vs. b*L: 7.94, P < 0.001) even if the initial pigment content was not statistically different (H: 5.34 mg/g vs. L: 4.74 g/g; P = 0.107). In fact, beef from the H diet showed higher a* and b* values, and lower L* values than beef from the L diet (P < 0.05). Nonetheless, the time of stabilization for a practical color measurement did not differ between diets.ConclusionIn conclusion, despite the effect of diet on the initial beef color differences, the results of the current study showed that 15 min of meat exposure to oxygen is the minimum in either cases prior to taking measurements of color on beef aged 8 d.

scholarly journals Analysis of grape fruits and grape seed for their major , minor and trace elemental contact by XRF technique

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 618-624
Author(s):  
Baghdad Science Journal
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Source ◽  
Grape Seed ◽  
Medical Studies ◽  
Grape Seeds ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Experimental Procedure ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Minor Elements ◽  
A Value ◽  
Trace Elemental

Grapes and grape seeds are important samples employed for environmental medical studies . The air of this work was to identify and concentration calculation of the elements in grapes fruit and thier seeds by using X-Ray fluoresces technique (XRF) . Samples were collected from Abo Ghraib of Baghdad city ,the grape seeds were obtained from those samples . Both samples were taken under experimental procedure to obtain the sample which were ready for analysis . The samples were then submitted to experimental conditions using a radiation source and then samples were applied for counting analysis shows the elements Na , Mg , Al , Si , P , S , Cl , K , Ca , and Sr as major components of the samples. Fe , Sr , I , Ba and V were found an minor elements other elements Cr , Cu , Sn , Sb , Te gave a value of 5 – 10 ppm , Co , Ni , Rb , Ag ,Cd < 5 ppm for the samples of grape seeds . The analysis of grape seeds present Sr , Ca , K , Cl , S , Si , P as major components of the samples, and gave a values for Cr and Rb , Sn , Sb and Te (5 – 10 ppm) , while Co , Rb , Ni , Ag ,Cd (Less than 5 ppm) .

scholarly journals A MONITORING METHOD OF COLOR DECAYING FOR COLORED PATTERNS IN ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE

2019 ◽  
Vol XLII-2/W11 ◽  
pp. 1193-1198
Author(s):  
L. Zhang ◽  
J. Xie ◽  
L. Qin ◽  
Z. Liu ◽  
G. Liu
Keyword(s):  
Good Health ◽  
Color Difference ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Architectural Heritage ◽  
Monitoring Method ◽  
Special Part ◽  
Color Differences ◽  
The Status ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Colored Pattern

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> As a special part of architectural heritage, the colored pattern is not only artwork to decorate the architecture, but information reflecting specific historical era. So it has great cultural and artistic value. However, the colored pattern is one of the most sensitive types of cultural relics, which is sensitive to natural environment changes and highly vulnerable to erosion. In order to strengthen the protection of colored patterns in history architectures, it is necessary to monitor the status quo of them.</p><p>This work introduces a monitoring method of color decaying for colored patterns in architecture: set up the illuminants, adjust the illuminants, detect the color information and calculate the color difference. Based on the color difference by CIE DE2000 formula, the color decaying status of the pattern can be evaluated. The monitoring period should be at least three months.</p><p>About four years’ work has been carried out for colored patterns in the Long Corridor of the Summer Palace, and the color differences &amp;Delta;E<sub>00</sub> are about from 2 to 5, some can be over 9. In result, most colored patterns keep in good health condition. Color decaying happens every time and there are slight changes in most colored patterns. In 2nd quarter 2017, aware changes happened in nearly all the patterns. According to the color difference to evaluate the color decaying of the colored patterns, it is an efficient method to analyze the health status of colored patterns.</p>

Subjective Sensation of Color Differences – Determination of Thresholds Depending on Color Tones and Resolution

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Brischke ◽  
Tanja Borcharding ◽  
Uta Mengel
Keyword(s):  
Color Space ◽  
Color Difference ◽  
Threshold Values ◽  
Color Tone ◽  
Color Changes ◽  
Art Objects ◽  
Color Differences ◽  
Subjective Sensation ◽  
Total Color Difference

Abstract Colors are frequently defined by three points on the L*a*b* coordinates of the CIELAB color space, and the distance between two colors can be expressed as the total color difference ΔE. In particular with respect to reproducibility of print media color differences are an important parameter, as well as for car finishes and textile dyes. Color changes are also the result of ageing and weathering which is an issue for art objects and in the building and restoration sector. However, the subjective perceptibility of color differences depends on numerous factors and general thresholds are difficult to define. This study aimed therefore on defining tolerance levels for color changes in dependence of color tones and color tone combinations as well as their resolution. In total 30 test persons evaluated samples, which had been painted with acrylic artist colors with defined color differences (ΔE = 0–7). The test subjects realized color differences already at ΔE = 1–4 for the highest resolution. Threshold values have been identified for different tones as well as the effect of interdependencies between tones and the level of color heterogeneity between adjacent areas.

scholarly journals On the measurement of the dielectric constants of liquids, with a determination of the dielectric constant of benzene

1929 ◽  
Vol 123 (792) ◽  
pp. 664-685 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Dielectric Constant ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Dielectric Constants ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
The Past ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Important Indication

It has long been recognised that the dielectric constant of a substance gives an important indication of its constitution, and the classical papers of Nernst and Drude giving methods for the determination of dielectric constants, have been followed by a long series of papers giving the dielectric constants of several hundreds of pure liquids and solutions. Since the publication of Debye’s dipole theory in 1912, the literature of the subject has become even more voluminous than before. In surveying the mass of data one is struck by the very large discrepancies which exist in the values obtained by different observers for any one substance, and it is very difficult to decide whether they are due to the difficulty of pre­paring and purifying the substance, differences in experimental conditions such as frequency of the applied E. M. F., or errors in the methods of measure­ment. In order to make it possible to compare the results of different observers, and to provide a fundamental basis for new measurements, it is important that the value of at least one standard liquid should be known with unquestion­able accuracy. The object of the present investigation was to provide such a value. Benzene was chosen as the standard liquid since it has been very widely used in the past, and it is used as a standard in the measurement of other physical properties.

Field and experimental studies on Dicrocoelium dendriticum and dicrocoeliasis in northern Spain

2005 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 291-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.Y. Manga-González ◽  
C. González-Lanza
Keyword(s):  
Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Parasite Burden ◽  
Gamma Glutamyl Transpeptidase ◽  
Northern Spain ◽  
Igg Antibody ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
North West ◽  
Dicrocoelium Dendriticum ◽  
Enzymatic Systems

AbstractThe transmission, control and the relationship between Dicrocoelium dendriticum and its definitive (sheep and cattle) and intermediate (molluscs and ants) hosts under natural and experimental conditions are described. Eleven species of molluscs and four of ants were found infected with larval D. dendriticum in León province, north-west Spain. Infected ants were observed between April and November and in tetania at 7.5–26.9°C. The highest shedding of eggs by sheep and cattle was detected in winter. Two treatments applied in November and January were the most effective. In experimentally infected molluscs, the parasite was not visible under the stereomicroscope, at least until 50 days post-infection (p.i.). The prepatent period in experimentally infected lambs was 49–79 days p.i. The number of eggs per gram increased with the days p.i. and the parasite burden. The aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, leukocyte and neutrophil values of infected lambs increased, but those of lymphocytes decreased. Using the enzyme-linked immunosorbert assay technique, the IgG antibody response to excretory–secretory and somatic antigens of D. dendriticum was positive from day 30 p.i., although the maximum antibody levels were observed on day 60 p.i. The number of worms per lamb ranged between 30 and 2063. Cholangitis and cholangiectasia of the septal bile and hepatic ducts were observed. The best enzymatic systems for adult and larval D. dendriticum characterization were lactate dehydrogenase, glucose phosphate isomerase and phosphoglucomutase. Genetic variability of adult D. dendriticum was high using the random amplified polymorphic DNA technique.

scholarly journals Development and calibration of a rainfall simulator for hydrological studies

RBRH ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvio Fagundes de Sousa Júnior ◽  
Thiago Augusto Mendes ◽  
Eduardo Queija de Siqueira
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Uniformity Coefficient ◽  
Hydrological Data ◽  
Natural Rainfall ◽  
A Value ◽  
Median Diameter

ABSTRACT Rainfall Simulators (RS) have been used as tools for researches involving the estimation of runoff and infiltration on permeable pavements as well as in evaluating storm build-up and wash-off processes on pavements and roofs. Data obtained with the use of RS allows building a database with parameters which are useful in the implementation of BMPs taking local environment conditions into consideration. The purpose of this study was to develop and calibrate a handy and low-cost RS for hydrological researches. The developed RS can reproduce rainfall with intensities from 40 mm h-1 to 182 mm h-1. The RS is able to simulate rainfall events with drops of median diameter (D50) of 2.12 mm and kinetic energy of 22.53 J mm-1m-2, which represent 90.12% of the kinetic energy produced by a natural rainfall. Spatial distribution of simulated rainfall, which is expressed by the Christiansen's Uniformity Coefficient, was considered satisfactory with a value of up to 87.80%. The developed RS can be used as an alternative for the acquisition of hydrological data in a reduced period of time, under standardized experimental conditions and independently of natural rainfall events. The RS is also capable to simulate rainfall events with varying intensity.

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