scholarly journals Reforestation for environmental services as valued by local communities: a case study from Lebanon

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-115
Author(s):  
Juliette Amidi ◽  
Jean Mikhael Stephan ◽  
Elias Maatouk
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Environmental Services ◽  
Timber Production ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Communal Lands

PurposeLebanon has been subject to important reforestation activities which resulted in the establishment of several cedars, pine and other mixed forest stands on communal lands. These stands are not designated for timber production but rather for nonwood forest products (NWFPs), landscape restoration and for environmental services. The study aims at valuating old reforested sites from the perspective of rural communities neighboring those reforested stands.Design/methodology/approachTo assess the non-timber goods and services provided by these forest ecosystems, 13 reforested sites located in different regions in Lebanon were selected. The socioeconomic assessment was done using questionnaires distributed to locals that have close interactions with the neighboring forests; it included, among others, a double-bonded dichotomous contingent valuation (CV) related to their willingness to pay (WTP) for reforestation and forest management activities.FindingsResults of the goods and services assessment revealed that the forests have multifunctional uses with ecotourism as a major activity in all forest types. The CV showed that 75% of respondents did express a WTP. Most of the respondents did so, thus giving a great importance to intrinsic values of the forests. Lower income did not negatively affect the WTP of respondents but rather age and the educational level did. Other factors such as forest type, forest surface and the biodiversity status of the sites did not have an impact on WTP.Practical implicationsThese results are very informative for governmental policies seeking funds to perform reforestation programs for environmental objectives, involving local communities in co-funding these programs would help insure the sustainable conservation of reforestation sites.Social implicationsDespite their relative low income, poor communities are willing to pay to sustain forests and their ecosystem services.Originality/valueIt is the first time that a CV is used for ecosystem services regenerated from 50–60 years old reforested sites in a semiarid region, where trees are not planted for timber production. It is one of the few examples were lower income did not affect the WTP for forests providing environmental services on communal lands.

scholarly journals The total economic value of forest ecosystem services in the tropical forests of Malaysia

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 485-503
Author(s):  
K.M. Nitanan ◽  
A. Shuib ◽  
R. Sridar ◽  
V. Kunjuraman ◽  
S. Zaiton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Forest Ecosystem ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Forest Ecosystem Services ◽  
Use Values ◽  
Non Timber Forest Products ◽  
Total Economic Value

Direct and indirect use of values and non-use values from forest ecosystem services perform an invaluable set of functions that cater to the needs of both living and non-living things. The values include market services obtained from timber and non-timber forest products, and non-market services (recreation, watershed protection and conservation value) were identified as components of the Total Economic Value (TEV). However, it is difficult to assign a monetary value to all goods and services provided by the forest. Failure to conserve the national park will result in the degradation of the forest and a reduction in the contribution of the forest ecosystem services to the community. Based on the result of this study, the TEV value of forest ecosystem services was estimated at RM 13 billion, and the estimation provides policy-relevant information for forest management and conservation purposes in Malaysia.

The critical mass approach to achieve a deal on green goods and services: what is on the table? How much should we expect?

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 393-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaime de Melo ◽  
Mariana Vijil
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Critical Mass ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Environmental Services ◽  
Environmental Goods ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Tariff Structure ◽  
Tariff Equivalent

AbstractIn July 2014 a group of 14 countries (the ‘Davos Group’) launched negotiations on liberalizing trade in ‘green goods’ (also known as environmental goods – EGs), focusing on the elimination of tariffs for a list of 54 products. With an average tariff of 1.8 per cent, this group has little to offer even if the list were extended to the 411 products on the ‘WTO list’. Taking into account tariff dispersion, their tariff structure on EGs would be equivalent to a uniform tariff of 3.4 per cent, about half the uniform tariff-equivalent for non EGs products. Enlarging the number of participants to low-income countries might be possible as, on average, their imports would not increase by more than 8 per cent. Because of the strong complementarities between trade in EGs and trade in environmental services, these should also be brought into the negotiation in spite of the likely difficulties in reaching agreement on their scope.

scholarly journals The Contribution of Community Based Forest Management to Livelihood and Rural Economy: The Case of Hutan Nagari Sungai Buluh in Padang Pariaman

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Syofia Agustini ◽  
Arya Hadi Dharmawan ◽  
Eka Intan Kumala Putri
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Rural Economy ◽  
Social Impact ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Environmental Services ◽  
Social Forestry ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Livelihood System

<p>ABSTRACT<br />Based on Minister of Environment and Forests No. P.83 About Social Forestry, which is “to reduce poverty, unemployment and inequality management / utilization of forest areas, it is necessary Social Forestry activities through efforts to provide legal access to the local communities that aim for social welfare and forest resources”. Forests not only provide the advantage of conservation for the environment, but also forests can provide economic benefits to local communities. Not only wood, fruits, honey or the other forest products that can be utilized. However, forests can also be utilized in terms of its environmental services, namely as a carbon sink, hydrological function, as well as in terms of natural beauty (ecotourism). The research was conducted at the Forest Nagari Sungai Buluh, Padang Pariaman District, West Sumatra Province with aim to know economic and social impact of community based forest management. The method used is a combination of quantitative and qualitative approach using questionnaires and in-depth interviews. Based on research that has been done, it appears that the utilization of forest environmental services into eco-tourism provides economic contribution to communities living around the forest and to improve of rural economy. Society no longer perform encroachment, however people can still benefit from these forests are of ecotourism.<br />Keywords: Rural regional development, ecotourism, livelihood system</p><p><br />ABSTRAK<br />Berdasarkan Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan RI No. P.83 Tentang Perhutanan Sosial yaitu “untuk mengurangi kemiskinan, pengangguran dan ketimpangan pengelolaan/ pemanfaatan kawasan hutan, maka diperlukan kegiatan Perhutanan Sosial melalui upaya pemberian akses legal kepada masyarakat setempat yang tujuannya untuk kesejahteraan masyarakat dan sumberdaya hutan”. Hutan tidak hanya memberikan manfaatkan konservasi bagi lingkungan, namun hutan juga bisa memberikan manfaat ekonomi bagi masyarakat lokal. Tidak hanya kayu, buah-buahan, madu ataupun hasil hutan lainnya yang dapat dimanfaatkan. Namun, hutan juga dapat dimanfaatkan dari sisi jasa lingkungannya, yakni sebagai penyimpan karbon, fungsi hidrologi, serta dalam hal keindahan alamnya (ekowisata). Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Hutan Nagari Sungai Buluh, Kabupaten Padang Pariaman, Provinsi Sumatera Barat dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui dampak ekonomi dan sosial bagi masyarakat. Metode yang digunakan adalah kombinasi dari pendekatan kuantitatif dan kualitatif dengan menggunakan kuisioner dan wawancara mendalam. Berdasarkan penelitian yang telah dilakukan, terlihat bahwa pemanfaatan jasa lingkungan hutan menjadi ekowisata memberikan kontribusi ekonomi bagi masyarakat yang tinggal di sekitar hutan yaitu sebesar 30.70% untuk rumahtangga masyarakat lapisan atas, rumahtangga masyarakat lapisan menengah memperoleh manfaat sebesar 50.20% dan untuk rumahtangga masyarakat lapisan bawah hanya memperoleh manfaat sebesar 19.10%. Masyarakat tidak lagi melakukan perambahan hutan, walaupun demikian masyarakat tetap bisa memperoleh manfaat dari hutan tersebut yaitu dari pengembangan ekowisata.<br />Kata kunci: Pembangunan wilayah pedesaan, ekowisata, livelihood System</p>

scholarly journals Local Communities’ Awareness on Payments for Ecosystem Services for Improved Livelihood and Conservation of Nyando Wetland, Kenya

2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 969-980
Author(s):  
Joseph K. Maithya ◽  
Felix L.M. Ming’ate ◽  
Sammy C. Letema
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Worth Living ◽  
Payment For Ecosystem Services ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Natural Resource Conservation

Nyando wetland provides several ecosystem goods and services, i.e., provisioning, cultural, supporting and regulating which are essential for human well-being for making life possible and worth living. Payment for Ecosystem Services presents one key question in current literature on whether local communities are aware of ecosystem services provided by wetlands. This paper contributes to the understanding of the local community’s level of awareness of the ecosystem services provided by Nyando wetland in Kenya as a strategy to improve protection of wetlands. The study is significant as it proposes policy options that can assist conservation authorities and local communities in management of wetlands. A stratified random sampling based on two administrative sub-counties, namely Nyando and Nyakach was employed to collect quantitative data from 394 households using a structured questionnaire. The quantitative data was subjected to descriptive statistics and Chi-square test which were performed in SPSS version 20. The results confirmed that the local community is more conversant with the provisioning ecosystem services (37.7%) compared to the other classes of ecosystem services. Despite the locals being involved in community based natural resource conservation initiatives, majority of the respondents (69%) were not familiar with the concept of Payment for Ecosystem Services. Therefore, there is need to create awareness and capacity building to local communities on the importance of both the wetland ecosystem services and Payment for Ecosystem Services in conservation of wetlands for enhanced community livelihoods. Keywords: Payment for ecosystem services; wetland; conservation; community; livelihood; awareness

scholarly journals Carbon versus Timber Economy in Mediterranean Forests

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 746
Author(s):  
Álvaro Enríquez-de-Salamanca
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Sequestration ◽  
Market Price ◽  
Timber Harvesting ◽  
Environmental Services ◽  
Timber Production ◽  
Mediterranean Forests ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Price Increases

Forests produce goods and services, but the forest economy is based on goods, with market price, more than on services. Under Mediterranean climate conditions forests have low timber production, being frequently financially loss-making, despite the environmental services provided, such as carbon sequestration. Timber production and carbon sequestration are compatible, and a proper valuation of both can allow for a more balanced management. The aim of this paper is to assess financially a scenario based on maximizing carbon sequestration versus another based on maximizing timber harvesting in a Mediterranean forest. To do that, timber stock, growth and harvesting, and carbon sequestration have been calculated. Applying market prices for timber and CO2 both scenarios have been assessed, carrying out a sensitivity analysis. Maximising carbon sequestration was more profitable in the vast majority of combinations; timber harvesting was only more profitable if CO2 prices fell below 30% and timber price increases more than 20%; timber price rise is possible, but a collapse in CO2 price is not probable. The real barrier is that while timber is as a commodity with market price, carbon sequestration is not. The challenge for the future is to pay for carbon sequestration, mobilising resources from polluting sectors to forests.

Hesitancy to share vaccine IP will increase inequality

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Developing Nation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Production Constraints ◽  
Special Drawing ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Special Drawing Rights ◽  
Lower Income Countries

Significance Although eight vaccines have been developed and approved for use against COVID-19, production constraints leave many lower-income countries facing a lengthy wait. They are backing an initiative to waive intellectual property (IP) rights on treatments to facilitate transfers of vaccine manufacturing capability. Impacts Low-income nations may opt to issue compulsory licences, allowing governments to waive IP rights without the licence owners’ consent. The IMF backed a USD650bn round of special drawing rights at the spring meeting, in part to help vaccinate developing nation populations. A YouGov poll recently found that 74% of the UK public think governments should ensure vaccine expertise is shared globally.

IMF SDRs offer lower-income states much-needed funds

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Content Type

Headline INT: SDRs give low-income states much-needed funds

scholarly journals Valuing Florida Water Resources: Water Use in Irrigated Agriculture

EDIS ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiana Borisova ◽  
Syed Irfan Ali Shah ◽  
Tara Wade ◽  
Kelly Grogan ◽  
Xiang Bi
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Resource Economics ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
Environmental Services ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Resource Protection ◽  
Economics Department

Water resources provide us with a variety of goods and services (altogether often referred to as ecosystem services or environmental services.) Part of a series entitled Economic Value of Florida Water Resources, this 5-page fact sheet written by Tatiana Borisova, Syed Irfan Ali Shah, Tara Wade, Kelly Grogan, and Xiang Bi and published by the UF/IFAS Food and Resource Economics Department assesses the economic value of the ecosystem services provided by irrigation water and shows the importance to agriculture of water resource protection and restoration.  http:edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fe1057

scholarly journals An alternative source of collagen for Muslim consumers: halal and environmental concerns

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jarita Duasa ◽  
Afifah Muhamad Husin ◽  
Mohamed Asmy Mohd Thas Thaker ◽  
Maya Puspa Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Kuala Lumpur ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Marine Life ◽  
Klang Valley ◽  
High Age

Purpose The sources of collagens and gelatins are recently being questioned because it sourced from porcine or non-halal slaughtered animals. There are also concerns regarding the transfer of diseases from animal sources of collagen to human users. This study aims to propose an alternative source of collagen using recombinant collagen-like protein (halal-based) and to analyze factors contribute to the probability of using this alternative source of collagen among consumers in Malaysia. Design/methodology/approach Survey data collected are tested empirically using statistical tools and logistic regression. Findings This study finds two important inferences. First, the probability consumers opt for the alternative source of collagen is significantly determined by age of consumers and the level of their incomes. The likelihood of the consumers to opt for this alternative source of collagen is higher among elderly and lower income consumers. Second, the probability of using this alternative source of collagen with the purpose to protect the marine life is higher among young and lower income consumers. Thus, marketing variations of a product using this alternative source of collagen that is targeted to high age bracket and low income group of consumers often sees as a good strategy as compared with a more generalized marketing strategy. The younger consumers are also among potential consumers whose concern is more on health without endangering marine species or biodiversity. Research limitations/implications The scope of areas in this study is limited to Klang Valley (Selangor and Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia). The respondents are those staying and working in these areas regardless of citizenship and ethnicity. Originality/value This study is proposing a new and promising way for mass production of collagen using recombinant collagen-like protein. Collagen-like protein was found in bacteria, and it may represent an alternative biosynthetic collagen material which is expected to be an alternative of the existing sources which are non-halal and endanger biodiversity and ecosystem.

Market Survey of Non-Timber Forest Products in the Sunyani Municipality

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 44-53
Author(s):  
S.D. Akoto
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Packaging Materials ◽  
Medicinal Products ◽  
Monthly Basis ◽  
Rural Livelihood ◽  
Non Timber Forest Products ◽  
Communal Lands ◽  
Forest Lands

This study sought to: (1) identify the types and sources of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) traded; (2) find the frequencyof the NTFPs trade and (3) identify the challenges in NTFPs trading in the Sunyani Municipality. The survey was carried outfrom February, 2014 to April, 2014 mainly at the Sunyani Central and Nana Bosoma Markets in the Sunyani Municipality. Thetarget population comprised NTFPs collectors (gatherers), sellers and consumers. Respondents were purposively sampled. Atotal of 100 respondents were engaged in this study. The NTFPs were grouped into six categories namely; food, medicine,building materials, packaging materials, artefacts and domestic utensils. Key informants’ interviews were also conducted atthe Sunyani Forest Services Division to triangulate the data already gathered. Statistical Package for Social Sciences was usedto analyze the data obtained. The study demonstrated that domestic utensils (37%), food (33%), medicinal products (12%),packaging materials (9%), artefacts (6%) and building materials (3%) were the types of NTFPs traded in the two market centers.The results also showed that majority of the respondents (77%) harvest their NTFPs from forest lands as against 23% whoharvest from communal lands. A significant proportion of the respondents (52%) traded in above 40 kg of NTFPs and only 4%were seen trading in 10 kg of NTFPs. The study further highlighted that food (28%) and domestic utensils (26%) were regularlybrought to the market centers on weekly basis whilst significant proportions of medicinal products (9%), building materials(3%) and artefacts (4%) were brought to the market venues on monthly basis. Cumbersome permit procedure (40%), increasedmarket demand (15%) and financial constraints (20%) were identified as some of the challenges encountered in NTFPs tradingin the Sunyani Municipality. To ensure strict monitoring and sustainability of the resource, there is the need for sensitizationprogramme on the importance of NTFPs in rural livelihood and why their conservation is vital in meeting the needs of thepresent generation whilst not undermining their potential in supplying the needs of future generations.

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