THE EFFECT OF ECOTOURISM DEVELOPMENT ON MARINE CONSERVATION AREA IN WEST SUMATERA, INDONESIA

Ecotourism is critical in conservation areas for the development of mutual relationships between the community, government and tourist in the marine conservation area. However, the community must be key stakeholders in maximizing benefits to local communities and obtaining environmental support to effectively manage conservation areas. This study aimed 1) to determine the socio-economic impact on fishermen community for the marine resource conservation, b) to investigate the socio-economic impact on the community's understanding and respect to support conservation. This research was conducted in the Ampiang Parak and Maligi villages. The research used a structured questionnaire and qualitative method using observation and interview to evaluate the fishermen community involvement in ecotourism management. The research discussed and explained the source, income, and employment allocation of ecotourism regulations and economic participation for community programs. The management of the Ampiang Parak and Maligi conservation areas is still not aligned with the local community's ecotourism management, and the conservation area and tourist attraction has not yet been beneficial for the local community economy. The relationships between ecotourism and sustainable growth, tourism, community, and natural resource conservation need to be improved.

GIS-Based Surface Runoff Modeling Using Empirical Technique For A River Basin In South India

Precipitation is the primary source of fresh water in the world. Surface runoff will happen when the amount of rainfall is greater than the soil’s infiltration capacity. In most water resource applications, runoff is the most important hydrological variable. Aside from these rainfall characteristics, there are a number of catchment-specific elements that have a direct impact on runoff amount and volume. This research focuses on estimating surface runoff over the lower Vellar basin, a river basin in the southern part of India, by integrating Soil Conservation Service-Curve Number (SCS-CN) method with GIS. This technique is one of the most common methods used by hydrologists for estimating surface runoff. Curve Number (CN) is an index established by the Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS) to denote the potential for stormwater runoff. The nature of the watershed is explored first by creating land use and land cover pattern followed by the preparation of slope, drainage, and location maps. The area taken for this study is the lower Vellar basin situated in the Cuddalore District of Tamil Nadu, India. The curve number is analyzed using the rainfall data of 15 years (2001-2015) and the runoff is being calculated. The watershed pattern of the study area is also explored being analyzed and executed. Preservation of the runoff water is also discussed.

Influence of the Type of Aggregate from Industrial Waste on Corrosion Resistance of Modified Fine-Grained Concrete

The development and implementation of “green” technologies in the construction sector, which ensure natural resource conservation, reduce harmful emissions and provide utilization of industrial waste, are key issues in material engineering of the XXI century. Extensive research has been devoted to solving these issues, including research in the field of concrete science. Still, the issue of developing concrete compositions with increased corrosion resistance remains much less studied. At the same time, reactive aggregates from industrial waste can have positive effect on durability of concrete, and the best result can be achieved by means of modification of a concrete mixture with highly effective additives. The article presents the research data in two lines—the study of applicability of reactive aggregates from waste products of nonmetallic and ceramic industries, mineral wool production and concrete scrap for production of corrosion-resistant concretes, as well as the assessment of possibility of Portland cement quantity reduction in a concrete mixture on local raw materials due to the introduction of additives based on polycarboxylates. The article presents the research evidence of the effect of dust and clay particles content on the quality of concrete with a polycarboxylate additive. The article describes the studies of corrosion resistance of concrete samples based on production wastes in sulfate environments and under the influence of carbon dioxide. The developed concrete compositions with waste use can be recommended for widespread application, rational use of resources, and production of durable high-quality concretes. The application of additives based on polycarboxylates makes it possible to produce concretes with the reduction of cement consumption in the mixture by 10–20% and decrease in the mode of thermo-wet treatment by two times.

Local Communities’ Awareness on Payments for Ecosystem Services for Improved Livelihood and Conservation of Nyando Wetland, Kenya

Nyando wetland provides several ecosystem goods and services, i.e., provisioning, cultural, supporting and regulating which are essential for human well-being for making life possible and worth living. Payment for Ecosystem Services presents one key question in current literature on whether local communities are aware of ecosystem services provided by wetlands. This paper contributes to the understanding of the local community’s level of awareness of the ecosystem services provided by Nyando wetland in Kenya as a strategy to improve protection of wetlands. The study is significant as it proposes policy options that can assist conservation authorities and local communities in management of wetlands. A stratified random sampling based on two administrative sub-counties, namely Nyando and Nyakach was employed to collect quantitative data from 394 households using a structured questionnaire. The quantitative data was subjected to descriptive statistics and Chi-square test which were performed in SPSS version 20. The results confirmed that the local community is more conversant with the provisioning ecosystem services (37.7%) compared to the other classes of ecosystem services. Despite the locals being involved in community based natural resource conservation initiatives, majority of the respondents (69%) were not familiar with the concept of Payment for Ecosystem Services. Therefore, there is need to create awareness and capacity building to local communities on the importance of both the wetland ecosystem services and Payment for Ecosystem Services in conservation of wetlands for enhanced community livelihoods. Keywords: Payment for ecosystem services; wetland; conservation; community; livelihood; awareness

Development and Characterization of 177 SNP Markers in The Mud Shrimp Upogebia Major

The mud shrimp Upogebia major (De Haan, 1841) (Crustacea, Decapoda, Gebiidea) is an important species widely distributed in coastal shallow waters. As an active initiation species, it has contributed significantly to the maintenance of coastal benthic biodiversity. However, there is still a lack of effective molecular markers to effectively protect and manage this species. In this study, we used the DNeasy Blood & Tissue kit to extract DNA and Illumina HiSeq 4000 sequencing technology to obtain SNP marker resources. 177 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers were developed and characterized in U. major. The minor allele frequency raged from 0.0500 to 0.5000. The observed heterozygosity and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.0333 to 0.9000 and from 0.0966 to 0.5085, respectively. Polymorphic information content ranged from 0.0905 to 0.3750. The inbreeding coefficient values varied from − 0.2902 to 0.5968. Seventeen loci showed significant deviations from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P < 0.05). The polymorphic SNPs will be helpful for the further population genetic analysis and natural resource conservation of U. major.

REKOMENDASI PENETAPAN KAWASAN EKOSISTEM ESENSIAL DI DESA PANJARATAN

Essensial Ecosystem Areas in general can be interpreted as protected areas outside conservation areas. In Panjaratan Village, it is found an area that is a habitat for proboscis monkeys and other animals according to the results of the inventory but is outside the conservation forest area. The existence of proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus) habitat in Panjaratan Village needs to supported in conservation so that it does not experience extinction due to interference for human activities. This study aims to provide recommendations in planning the determination of essential ecosystem areas for the Nasalis larvatus habitat in Panjaratan Village. This research was qualitative by using an emic approach that focuses on data and analysis based on answers from key informant. The results showed that the presence of Nasalis larvatus habitat in Panjaratan Village received support from the community, government and the private sector in its empowerment activities. This is supported by the existence of an inventory and verification of the presence of Nasalis larvatus habitat in Panjaratan Village conducted by the South Kalimantan Natural Resource Conservation team and through identification activities to then propose the Nasalis larvatus habitat area in the village to become an area of essential ecosystem areas.

IMPLEMENTASI PERATURAN KERJA SAMA KEMITRAAN DALAM MENINGKATKAN EFEKTIVITAS PENGELOLAAN KAWASAN KONSERVASI PADA BALAI KONSERVASI SUMBER DAYA ALAM KALIMANTAN SELATAN (STUDI KASUS DI CAGAR ALAM TELUK KELUMPANG, SELAT LAUT, SELAT SEBUKU

The collaborative and synergistic management of Teluk Kelumpang, Selat Laut, and Selat Sebuku Nature Reserve is carried out based on the mutual understanding and agreement of the stakeholders, in accordance with the prevailing laws and regulations and manifested in joint activities according to the principles of professionalism and accountability. This study aimed to assess the quality of the joint regulations, to assess the roles of the stakeholders in carrying out the collaborative efforts, to assess the collaborative process, and to assess the effectiveness of the management in Teluk Kelumpang, Selat Laut and Selat Sebuku Nature Reserve.This qualitative research used a descriptive method. It was done in Teluk Kelumpang, Selat Laut and Selat Sebuku Nature Reserve and Natural Resource Conservation Agency of South Kalimantan. The results revealed: first, the good quality of the joint regulation as indicated by the absence of conflict; the consistency; the accountability and promptness of the regulation. Second, the significance of the stakeholders role in the collaborative efforts in Teluk Kelumpang, Selat Laut, and Selat Sebuku Nature Reserve. The first and second players are the primary actors. Third, the collaboration in Teluk Kelumpang, Selat Laut, and Selat Sebuku Nature Reserve, is carried out based on the joint regulation. Fourth, the attainment of the threshold of the protected area management effectiveness is affected by the threats and weaknesses in areas. The issuance of joint regulation potentially diminishes the threats and weaknesses in area management, and eventually enhances the value of protected area management effectiveness. Based on these results, it is recommended: to issue regulation on the technical guidelines for the management of nature reserve and nature conservation areas and also to standardize the template for the documentation of collaborative management as the guideline/reference.

A SYSTEM DESIGN OPTIMIZATION MODEL FOR INTEGRATED NATURAL RESOURCE CONSERVATION AND DEVELOPMENT IN AN AGRICULTURAL COMMUNITY

Integrated Natural Resource Conservation and Development (INRCD) Projects are efforts at worldwide locations to promote economic development of local communities consistent with conservation of natural resources. This umbrella term includes Integration Conservation and Development Projects (ICDPs) introduced by the World Wide Fund to combine social development and conservation s through the use of socio-economic investments, and the Integrated Natural Resource Management (INRM) research and development efforts that have employed a systems approach for quantitative modeling and optimization. In the spirit of the INRCD framework, we describe the development of a system-level agriculture and energy model comprising engineering and economic models for crop, irrigation, and energy subsystem designs for a community in Central Uganda. The model architecture is modular allowing modifications for different system configurations and project locations. We include some initial results and discuss next steps for system optimization, refining model assumptions, and modeling community social benefits as drivers of such projects.

INTEGRATED NATURAL RESOURCE AND CONSERVATION DEVELOPMENT PROJECT: A REVIEW OF SUCCESS FACTORS FROM A SYSTEMS PERSPECTIVE

Integrated Natural Resource and Conservation Development (INRCD) Projects is an umbrella term for a variety of Integrated Conservation and Development Projects (ICDPs), a concept first introduced by the World Wide Fund for Nature in the mid 1980s to target practice-oriented efforts in developing countries; and Integrated Natural Resource Management (INRM) research and development projects introduced as adaptive management for fisheries, wildlife, forest, and rangeland to target analysis-oriented efforts in developing and developed countries. Both efforts seek to balance economic development and natural resource conservation. This paper reviews the literature over the past four decades in an attempt to determine which planning and execution methods lead to greater success. A thematic analysis revealed three broad areas of importance: community inclusion and income diversification, inadequate training and management, and inability to properly quantify data. A systems design optimization approach for such projects is advocated to support project decision making in these areas of importance.