scholarly journals Carbon versus Timber Economy in Mediterranean Forests

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 746
Author(s):  
Álvaro Enríquez-de-Salamanca
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Sequestration ◽  
Market Price ◽  
Timber Harvesting ◽  
Environmental Services ◽  
Timber Production ◽  
Mediterranean Forests ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Price Increases

Forests produce goods and services, but the forest economy is based on goods, with market price, more than on services. Under Mediterranean climate conditions forests have low timber production, being frequently financially loss-making, despite the environmental services provided, such as carbon sequestration. Timber production and carbon sequestration are compatible, and a proper valuation of both can allow for a more balanced management. The aim of this paper is to assess financially a scenario based on maximizing carbon sequestration versus another based on maximizing timber harvesting in a Mediterranean forest. To do that, timber stock, growth and harvesting, and carbon sequestration have been calculated. Applying market prices for timber and CO2 both scenarios have been assessed, carrying out a sensitivity analysis. Maximising carbon sequestration was more profitable in the vast majority of combinations; timber harvesting was only more profitable if CO2 prices fell below 30% and timber price increases more than 20%; timber price rise is possible, but a collapse in CO2 price is not probable. The real barrier is that while timber is as a commodity with market price, carbon sequestration is not. The challenge for the future is to pay for carbon sequestration, mobilising resources from polluting sectors to forests.

scholarly journals Reforestation for environmental services as valued by local communities: a case study from Lebanon

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-115
Author(s):  
Juliette Amidi ◽  
Jean Mikhael Stephan ◽  
Elias Maatouk
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Environmental Services ◽  
Timber Production ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Communal Lands

PurposeLebanon has been subject to important reforestation activities which resulted in the establishment of several cedars, pine and other mixed forest stands on communal lands. These stands are not designated for timber production but rather for nonwood forest products (NWFPs), landscape restoration and for environmental services. The study aims at valuating old reforested sites from the perspective of rural communities neighboring those reforested stands.Design/methodology/approachTo assess the non-timber goods and services provided by these forest ecosystems, 13 reforested sites located in different regions in Lebanon were selected. The socioeconomic assessment was done using questionnaires distributed to locals that have close interactions with the neighboring forests; it included, among others, a double-bonded dichotomous contingent valuation (CV) related to their willingness to pay (WTP) for reforestation and forest management activities.FindingsResults of the goods and services assessment revealed that the forests have multifunctional uses with ecotourism as a major activity in all forest types. The CV showed that 75% of respondents did express a WTP. Most of the respondents did so, thus giving a great importance to intrinsic values of the forests. Lower income did not negatively affect the WTP of respondents but rather age and the educational level did. Other factors such as forest type, forest surface and the biodiversity status of the sites did not have an impact on WTP.Practical implicationsThese results are very informative for governmental policies seeking funds to perform reforestation programs for environmental objectives, involving local communities in co-funding these programs would help insure the sustainable conservation of reforestation sites.Social implicationsDespite their relative low income, poor communities are willing to pay to sustain forests and their ecosystem services.Originality/valueIt is the first time that a CV is used for ecosystem services regenerated from 50–60 years old reforested sites in a semiarid region, where trees are not planted for timber production. It is one of the few examples were lower income did not affect the WTP for forests providing environmental services on communal lands.

scholarly journals The Optimality of Using Marginal Land for Bioenergy Crops: Tradeoffs between Food, Fuel, and Environmental Services

2016 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana M. Valcu-Lisman ◽  
Catherine L. Kling ◽  
Philip W. Gassman
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Values ◽  
Energy Crops ◽  
Agricultural Watershed ◽  
Bioenergy Crops ◽  
Environmental Services ◽  
Marginal Land ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
Environmental Goods ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Environmental Goods And Services

We assess empirically how agricultural lands should be used to produce the highest valued outputs, which include food, energy, and environmental goods and services. We explore efficiency tradeoffs associated with allocating land between food and bioenergy and use a set of market prices and nonmarket environmental values to value the outputs produced by those crops. We also examine the degree to which using marginal land for energy crops is an approximately optimal rule. Our empirical results for an agricultural watershed in Iowa show that planting energy crops on marginal land is not likely to yield the highest valued output.

scholarly journals Identifikasi Faktor Kenaikan Harga Komoditas Pasar Melalui Agregasi Berita Online (Studi Kasus: Jawa Timur)

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-173
Author(s):  
Rengga Asmara ◽  
Ferry Astika Saputra ◽  
Muhammad Rizal Fauzy
Keyword(s):  
Information Retrieval ◽  
Monitoring System ◽  
Market Price ◽  
Commodity Prices ◽  
Commodity Price ◽  
Online News ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
Price Increases ◽  
Information Retreival

Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat sistem monitoring harga komoditas yang mampu mengidentifikasi permasalahan penyebab kenaikan harga komoditas melalui agregasi berita online. Sistem ini memiliki keluaran utama, yaitu monitoring fluktuasi harga pasar dan identifikasi penyebab kasus kenaikan harga komoditas menggunakan data harga komoditas harian yang dikumpulkan dari seluruh pasar induk di Jawa Timur pada Desember 2018 - Mei 2019 yang disediakan oleh SISKAPERBAPO. Untuk mendapatkan hasil identifikasi, sistem melakukan beberapa tahap. Pertama, sistem melakukan labelling terhadap harga pasar yang mengalami kenaikan tidak normal. Selanjutnya, sistem mencari berita terkait kenaikan harga tersebut dan melakukan information retrieval berdasarkan klasifikasi teks terhadap 5W1H pada label why. Hasil dari penelitian ini yaitu, eksperimen pada identifikasi faktor kenaikan harga komoditas menunjukkan bahwa sebesar 1.91% berita memiliki kesesuaian berdasarkan tanggal berita, akurasi berdasarkan relevansi berita dan kasus sebesar 70.49%, dan ekstraksi informasi untuk identifikasi faktor menghasilkan sebesar 39.87% berita relevan menunjukkan hasil identifikasi faktor kenaikan harga komoditas.    Kata kunci: Monitoring System, Tim Pengendalian Inflasi Daerah (TPID), Information Retreival, Klasifikasi 5W1H   Abstract  This research aims to create a commodity price monitoring system that is able to identify the problems causing the increase in commodity prices through online news aggregation.. This system has main outputs, namely monitoring market price fluctuations and identifying causes of cases of rising commodity prices from online news aggregations, which used daily commodity price data collected from all wholesale markets in East Java in December 2018 - May 2019 provided by SISKAPERBAPO. To get the results of identification, the system performs several stages of processing. First, the system of labeling market prices has increased. Furthermore, the system looks for news related to the price increases and conducts information retrieval based on the classification of text against 5W1H on the label why. The results of this research, namely, the experiment on identifying commodity price increase factors shows that 1.91% of news has conformity based on news date, accuracy based on news and case relevance of 70.49%, and information extraction to identify generating factors of 39.87% relevant news shows results identification of factors in rising prices.  Keywords: Monitoring System, Tim Pengendalian Inflasi Daerah (TPID), Information Retreival, 5W1H Classification

scholarly journals Valuation of timber production and carbon sequestration on Järvselja nature protection area

2015 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-43
Author(s):  
Veiko Adermann ◽  
Allar Padari ◽  
Risto Sirgmets ◽  
Aija Kosk ◽  
Paavo Kaimre
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Sequestration ◽  
Market Price ◽  
Carbon Equivalent ◽  
Timber Production ◽  
Natural Forests ◽  
Nature Protection ◽  
Private Forests ◽  
Monetary Value ◽  
Protection Area

Abstract Järvselja nature protection area was established in order to preserve and introduce virgin forests, to protect old natural forests, old deciduous forests and habitats of different species. At the same time the stands of nature protection area provide other benefits having both use and non-use values. The goal of the study is to assess the monetary value of the two components of forest ecosystem: timber production and carbon sequestration. The value of timber expresses to forest owners and policy-makers the opportunity cost of nature protection. The carbon sequestration represents the value of new service, highly appreciated in the context of climate policy. While a market for timber and carbon exists, the market-price method has been used for valuation. The data for calculations was obtained from the materials of forest inventory carried out in 2010 by the Department of Forest Management, Estonian University of Life Sciences. According to the calculations the theoretical long-term average value of timber is 325 euros per hectare. The monetary value of timber production is approximately three times higher compared to average productivity of Estonian private forests. The guidelines of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change for the inventories of greenhouse gases were used when transforming the growing stock and dead stem timber into biomass and finally into carbon and carbon dioxide. According to the price 4.62 € per ton of tradeable carbon equivalent in autumn 2013, the value of carbon sequestration on Järvselja nature protection area could be estimated 1473 € per hectare of forest land. Because of the high age of stands on nature protection area, the role of forests as a sequestrator of CO2 is remarkable compared to commercial forests. The accumulation of carbon in old-growth natural forests is close to zero, but they still fulfil the role of being a carbon pool.

scholarly journals Fruit and Vegetable Prices and Perceptions in Mercalaspalmas Wholesale Market

Innovar ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (55) ◽  
pp. 145-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Santiago Rodriguez-Feijoo ◽  
Alejandro Rodriguez-Caro ◽  
Carlos Gonzalez-Correa
Keyword(s):  
Market Price ◽  
Similar Degree ◽  
Price Behavior ◽  
Fruit And Vegetable ◽  
Wholesale Market ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
Price Increases ◽  
Daily Data ◽  
Perceived Price ◽  
Significant Factors

This paper studies the behavior of fruit and vegetable prices in a wholesale market. Its aims are: a) to examine price behavior and changes; and b) to identify statistically significant factors in the perception of prices and to quantify the effect of these factors on the market price. For this purpose, daily data were obtained on modal prices at the Mercalaspalmas wholesale market from 2006 until mid-2010. The results obtained show there is a similar degree of flexibility in price increases and decreases, and show the product to be the determinant element in setting prices. There was found to be a strong degree of price permanence, in the sense that changes take place slowly and following a lag. The following significant factors were identified in the perception of prices: the length of time a price has remained unchanged in the market; the period during which a product has been absent from the market; the quantities traded at a given price; and the index of market prices. However, the quantitative effect of this body of factors on the perceived price is very limited.

Die weltweite Bedeutung von permanenten Stichproben im Wandel der Informationsbedürfnisse: das Beispiel der Kohlenstoffinventuren | The global meaning of permanent sampling in keeping with the need for information: the example of carbon stock inventories

2003 ◽  
Vol 154 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 122-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Köhl
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Information Needs ◽  
Permanent Plots ◽  
Timber Production ◽  
Theoretical Concepts ◽  
Multiple Functions ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Global Meaning ◽  
Ideal Tool ◽  
Flexible Instruments

Permanent sampling designs utilize permanent plots and observations on successive occasions and proven to be an ideal tool for providing information on the sustainability of timber production. Are permanent sampling designs an adequate instrument to satisfy information needs concerning the sustainability of the multiple functions of forests? The example of carbon stock inventories is selected to demonstrate that permanent sampling designs are flexible instruments for inventorying and monitoring forests. The theoretical concepts of permanent samples can easily be adapted to new attributes and allow for providing a wide scope of information on wood and non-wood goods and services of forests.

scholarly journals Modelling Global Nickel Mining, Supply, Recycling, Stocks-in-Use and Price Under Different Resources and Demand Assumptions for 1850–2200

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Hulda Olafsdottir ◽  
Harald Ulrik Sverdrup
Keyword(s):  
Market Prices ◽  
Nickel Extraction ◽  
Price Increases ◽  
Nickel Mining ◽  
Ore Grades ◽  
Recoverable Resources ◽  
Business As Usual ◽  
Ore Grade

AbstractThe long-term supply of nickel to society was assessed with the WORLD7 model for the global nickel cycle, using new estimates of nickel reserves and resources, indicating that the best estimate of the ultimately recoverable resources for nickel is in the range of 650–720 million ton. This is significantly larger than earlier estimates. The extractable amounts were stratified by extraction cost and ore grade in the model, making them extractable only after price increases and cost reductions. The model simulated extraction, supply, ore grades, and market prices. The assessment predicts future scarcity and supply problems after 2100 for nickel. The model reconstructs observed extraction, supply and market prices for the period 1850–2020, and is used to simulate development for the period 2020–2200. The quality of nickel ore has decreased significantly from 1850 to 2020 and will continue to do so in the future according to the simulated predictions from the WORLD7 model. For nickel, extraction rates are suggested to reach their maximum value in 2050, and that most primary nickel resources will have been exhausted by 2130. After 2100, the supply per capita for nickel will decline towards exhaustion if business-as-usual is continuing. This will be manifested as reduced supply and increased prices. The peak year can be delayed by a maximum of 100 years if recycling rates are improved significantly and long before scarcity is visible.

UJI TINGKAT KESESUAIAN NILAI JUAL OBJEK PAJAK DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN APLIKASI ASSESSMENT RATIO

INFO ARTHA ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-53
Author(s):  
Swasito Adhipradana Prabu
Keyword(s):  
Market Price ◽  
Current Level ◽  
Accuracy Rate ◽  
Tax Base ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
Administration System ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Big Cities ◽  
Better Than

The decentralization of PBB-P2 in Indonesia is expected to produce a better PBB-P2 administration system. One indicator of a better PBB-P2 administration system is a fair collection of PBB-P2 based on tax base (NJOP) valuation close to market prices. This study examines whether NJOP, as the basis for the imposition of PBB-P2, is in accordance with the market price using the assessment ratio. This study found that the current level of accuracy of the NJOP has not met the standard agreed upon by the IAAO. In addition, this study also found that the NJOP accuracy rate in big cities was slightly better than the NJOP accuracy rate in other cities. In addition, this study also found that there was no positive correlation between NJOP updating activities through SPOP filling and NJOP accuracy. Desentralisasi PBB-P2 di Indonesia diharapkan menghasilkan sistem penatausahaan PBB-P2 yang lebih baik. Salah satu indikator dari sistem penatausahaan PBB-P2 yang lebih baik adalah pemungutan PBB-P2 yang adil dengan dasar pengenaan pajak (NJOP) yang mendekati harga pasar. Studi ini meneliti apakah NJOP sebagai dasar pengenaan PBB-P2 sudah sesuai dengan harga pasar menggunakan assessment ratio. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa tingkat akurasi NJOP saat ini belum memenuhi standar yang disepakati oleh IAAO. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga menemukan bahwa tingkat akurasi NJOP di kota besar, sedikit lebih baik dibanding tingkaat akurasi NJOP di kota-kota lainnya. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga menemukan bahwa tidak ada korelasi positif antara kegiatan pemutakhiran NJOP melalui pengisian SPOP dengan tingkat akurasi NJOP.

scholarly journals Fractional differencing in stock market price and online presence of global tourist corporations

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (48) ◽  
pp. 194-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Flores-Muñoz ◽  
Alberto Javier Báez-García ◽  
Josué Gutiérrez-Barroso
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Stock Market ◽  
Market Price ◽  
Google Trends ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Search Results ◽  
Online Presence ◽  
Fractional Differencing

Purpose This work aims to explore the behavior of stock market prices according to the autoregressive fractional differencing integrated moving average model. This behavior will be compared with a measure of online presence, search engine results as measured by Google Trends. Design/methodology/approach The study sample is comprised by the companies listed at the STOXX® Global 3000 Travel and Leisure. Google Finance and Yahoo Finance, along with Google Trends, were used, respectively, to obtain the data of stock prices and search results, for a period of five years (October 2012 to October 2017). To guarantee certain comparability between the two data sets, weekly observations were collected, with a total figure of 118 firms, two time series each (price and search results), around 61,000 observations. Findings Relationships between the two data sets are explored, with theoretical implications for the fields of economics, finance and management. Tourist corporations were analyzed owing to their growing economic impact. The estimations are initially consistent with long memory; so, they suggest that both stock market prices and online search trends deserve further exploration for modeling and forecasting. Significant differences owing to country and sector effects are also shown. Originality/value This research contributes in two different ways: it demonstrate the potential of a new tool for the analysis of relevant time series to monitor the behavior of firms and markets, and it suggests several theoretical pathways for further research in the specific topics of asymmetry of information and corporate transparency, proposing pertinent bridges between the two fields.

scholarly journals CONCEPT OF ECONOMICAL‐MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF LAND MARKET

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 333-340
Author(s):  
Gintautas Šatkauskas
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Input Parameter ◽  
Market Price ◽  
Research Process ◽  
Land Market ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
Noise Background ◽  
Input Parameters ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Sufficient Precision

Input parameters, ie factors defining the market price of agricultural‐purpose land, are interrelated very often by means of non‐linear ties. Strength of these ties is rather different and this limits usefulness of information in the research process of land market prices. Influence of input parameter changes to the input parameters in case when there are rather substantial changes may be determined in someone direction with a sufficient precision, whereas in other directions with comparatively small changes of input parameters this influence is difficult to be separated from the “noise” background. Taking into account the above‐listed circumstances, the concept of economical‐mathematical model of land market should be as follows: there is carried out re‐parameterisation of the process by means of introduction of new parameters in such a way that the new parameters are not interrelated, and the full process is evaluated at the minimal number of these parameters. These requirements are met by the main components of the input parameters. Then normalisation of the main components is carried out and dependencies on new parameters are determined. It is easier to interpret the dependencies obtained having reduced the number of input parameters and the higher the non‐linearity of interrelations of primary land market data, the greater effect of normalisation of input-parameter components. The results are compared with the valuations of experts.

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