Biden’s US foreign policy agenda is emerging

Significance Biden and Republican President Donald Trump, seeking re-election, are already sparring over US-China policy; this and other differences over foreign policy will mark the candidates’ campaigning. Impacts Biden would reduce US tariffs on China, favouring more targeted tariffs, but still push for Chinese economic reform. He would increase US attention to the Asia-Pacific, and work with China on North Korean denuclearisation. The next president will likely have to trim US defence spending and commitments overseas. Biden will refer to the Obama administration’s record as evidence of his fitness to govern.

Significance President-elect Donald Trump plans to expand military spending as part of his "America First" foreign policy but has so far offered few details of how this expansion will be financed. The new budget will have significant commercial implications for private entities involved in US defence procurements and for Washington’s force posture abroad. Impacts Trump may focus on increasing US-based missile defence capabilities instead of regionally focused systems based overseas. Political complications over NATO deployments may ensue if US spending outstrips that of its allies. Expansion of the nuclear arsenal beyond current modernisation plans could spark an arms race with Washington’s rivals.


Significance President Donald Trump said he dismissed Tillerson as he wants his cabinet to be more in line with his thinking; Trump and Tillerson had clashed over policies and priorities. CIA Director Mike Pompeo will be nominated to succeed Tillerson. The nominee to replace Pompeo at the CIA will be current CIA Deputy Director Gina Haspel. Impacts A better-coordinated foreign policy team could help Trump prepare for his new push on North Korea-US ties. Pompeo may find as secretary of state that he disagrees more openly with Trump; the CIA director is not public-facing. Conceivably, the 2018 midterm elections could further delay Trump nominees, but secretaries could work in an acting capacity.


Significance Park is already a lame duck with barely a year left to serve and her public support rate is just 5%. Her authority is irretrievably lost, but she refuses to resign. The uncertainty and ferment that have paralysed government in Seoul for weeks will therefore continue for several months. Impacts In a first-past-the-post system, deep divisions may prevent the opposition from capturing the presidency, despite its ostensible advantage. The consensus behind the West's hard line on Pyongyang could collapse if South Korea's next president favours outreach, as looks likely. Economic problems will gradually worsen in the absence of strong leadership capable of tackling tough issues. Paralysis in Seoul will prevent effective responses to changes to US foreign policy when Donald Trump takes office as president.


Significance The report is intended to guide future thinking on human rights in US foreign policy and to emphasise a global battle for values versus China and Russia. It also has a clear electoral aspect, as the selected rights will appeal to religious conservatives and strict constructionists in the legal sector, two groups that President Donald Trump will rely on as he seeks re-election this November. Impacts A Democratic president would discard the Commission on Unalienable Rights and the report. A Democratic president would focus on a wide range of ‘new’ human rights areas. The report will curtail Trump's scope to downplay rights disputes with Russia and China.


Subject Prospects for US foreign policy in 2022. Significance After a first year in office dominated by the situation at home, the Biden administration aims to deliver a more developed and focused foreign policy agenda in 2022. Many foreign policy goals will remain largely unchanged. While there will be greater efforts to strengthen ties with allies through mechanisms such as the Quad, the emphasis on issues other than those involving China may be increasingly affected by domestic politics.


Significance Just as Zelensky's July 2019 phone call with then President Donald Trump was fading from memory, Biden's green light for the Nord Stream 2 pipeline project, in a deal with Germany, has undermined Ukraine's confidence in both countries. Kyiv is now seeking to make its own voice heard and assert its rights as a significant player rather than a pawn in international affairs. Impacts Kyiv will present the Biden summit as an achievement, whatever the outcome, although this is unlikely to affect Zelensky's ratings. The opposition will place the blame for Nord Stream 2 squarely on the Zelensky administration. Biden's decisions on Afghanistan will increase Ukrainian worries about US foreign policy commitments.


Subject Prospects for US foreign policy to end-2017. Significance During his first months in office, President Donald Trump has generated significant uncertainty about US alliance commitments, participation within international institutions and foreign governments’ standing in Washington. However, many of his subordinates at the cabinet and sub-cabinet level have attempted to normalise the Trump administration’s foreign policy positions to assuage allies’ nervousness, but have proved subject to presidential contradiction on multiple occasions.


Subject German foreign policy. Significance The global economic downturn caused by the escalating COVID-19 pandemic strikes Germany in an already precarious phase. Declining multilateralism, particularly resulting from Brexit and US foreign policy under President Donald Trump, is threatening to undermine the structures that have been responsible for Germany’s modern security and economic successes. It could also accentuate Germany’s power, which would raise concerns across the EU of ‘German dominance’. Impacts Reluctant cooperation among member states in upcoming EU decisions will make Berlin more forceful in asserting its national interests. Due to increasing political fragmentation, German politics will become more domestically focused. The strong likelihood of future coalition governments will ensure that German foreign policy does not undergo a significant reorientation.


Significance This is the latest instance of development in Australia’s push to establish ‘minilaterals’ with other Indo-Pacific ‘middle powers’ that share strategic concerns over China’s growing assertiveness in Asia-Pacific, and over US staying power. Impacts Emergence of new trilateral groupings could strain ASEAN centrality, and will change dynamics at ASEAN and ASEAN-plus meetings. The rollout of the regional supply resilience initiative will test ASEAN states’ support for trilaterals’ regional ambitions. China’s regional assertiveness will drive the creation of new trilaterals. It will be harder for ASEAN states to keep China onside economically if, geopolitically, they face choosing sides. Any reversion to more mainstream US foreign policy in Asia could reduce the impetus for nascent trilaterals.


Subject Prospects for US foreign policy in 2019. Significance In 2019, President Donald Trump will work to advance the foreign policy initiatives he started in 2017-18, including on Iran, North Korea and China.


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