Making Peaceful Revolution Impossible

President John F. Kennedy's Alliance for Progress was intended to forestall Communist revolutions by fostering political and economic reform in Latin America. But Kennedy undermined his own goals by thwarting democratic, leftwing leaders seeking to carry out the kind of “peaceful revolution” his own analysis told him was necessary. This article reveals the Kennedy administration's role in overthrowing the Guatemalan government in 1963—until now only hinted at or even denied in the existing literature—to prevent the return to power of the country's first democratically elected president, Juan José Arévalo Bermejo. New archival evidence from Chile, Cuba, Guatemala, Mexico, Uruguay, the United Kingdom, and the United States sheds light on the transnational networks that supported Arévalo's attempt to run for the presidency in 1963, as well as the covert efforts of U.S. and Guatemalan officials to prevent “the most popular man in Guatemala” from taking office—a neglected Cold War milestone in Latin America.

A Comparative Study of Indias Foreign Trade in Pre and Post Reform Era

Foreign trade has been playing a vital role in the economic progress and prosperity of every country.In modern days foreign trade has assumed an immense prominence and substance for economic development of a country because of interdependence of economies, increasing specialization and joining regional cooperation. In 1991, the major program of economic reform were introduced which emphasize on external sector wherein the protective tariffs were decreased, changes into foreigninvestment and the restrictive import licensing system was relaxed and simplified. After the New economic reforms, India’s foreign trade has undergone substantial changes, volume of trade rose up and composition of trade was also frequently changed. The main objective of the paper is to study the trends of India’s foreign trade pre and post new economic reforms in India. The entire data for the present study is collected from the secondary sources. The collected data has been analyzed by using Paired t-test from SPSS software package and graphs. The findings of this paper said that there is positive relationship between economic reforms and India’s foreign trade. A push has been given to theexports but analyzes says that the increasing rate of imports is higher in comparison to the increasing rate of exports. Keywords: Foreign Trade, New Economic Reforms, Exports, Imports, Growth Rate.

An alarm for the potential 2020 recession and its’ impacts on the developing countries

This article review provides an insight into the main signals that will be responsible for the coming recession that will start from developed countries and will reflect negatively on developing countries that witness a decreasing level of development. The paper starts with the main seven signals that will initiate the recession. The second section will provide an analysis of the applied procedures and the economic reform that the government adopted to attract investment to overcome the previous and the coming challenges. Finally, the paper provides future expectations and paths for developing countries to overcome the recession.

الاقتصاد العراقي ما بعد عام 2003 التحديات والمعالجات

Iraq faces great challenges, the most important of which are terrorism, economic corruption, and the rentier economy. The countries have disintegrated and collapsed after 2003 after the US occupation and the change of the previous political regime. The Iraqi economy has faced rampant corruption in various economic sectors, economic mafias, and the inability of successive Iraqi governments to address the imbalances in the Iraqi economy, and then terrorist organizations spread. Conflicts, destruction, displacement, and large financial spending on military operations and on fictitious and unproductive projects began since 2003 until Iraq’s victory over terrorism, which destroyed the country and the people, especially the Western regions of Iraq. Accordingly, the start of comprehensive economic reform, while limiting the phenomenon of financial and administrative corruption in the joints of the economic sectors in Iraq, and the reconstruction of cities and areas liberated from terrorist gangs, as well as developing appropriate plans and strategies to enhance the economy’s ability to advance the deteriorating reality and depends mainly on oil revenues. , and this needs to expedite the development of solutions and treatments to advance the economic reality, through diversifying the Iraqi economy in order to increase and diversify exports, reduce imports to provide hard currencies derived from oil revenues, encourage foreign investments in various economic sectors, and build adequate housing for the majority of the Iraqi people who suffer From economic corruption, terrorist operations, and building an economy that depends primarily on local natural and human resources.

تحليل مسار الاصلاح الاقتصادي و معوقاته في اقليم كردستان- العراق

The research aims to diagnose the obstacles that hinder the implementation of the economic reform program in the Kurdistan Region - Iraq, with reference to the reasons for the failure of previous economic reform programs in the region, and to indicate the extent of citizens’ confidence in implementing the economic reform in the region, as well as evaluating the economic reform law of the new government for the year 2020. The research reached a set of results, including: 1- There is no time limit for implementing the economic reform process. 2- Efficient and specialized cadres in the field of economic reform were not relied upon when forming committees to implement economic reform decisions. 3- The absence of a monitoring committee to implement economic reform decisions. 4- The project did not extend to the national domain, and receded within the partisan domain. 5- Weak desire for real economic reforms on the part of the ruling parties. 6- The previous economic reforms project did not include all governorates in the Kurdistan Region, but was reduced to the governorates of Erbil and Dohuk. The research concluded by presenting a number of proposals, including: 1- It is the responsibility of the regional government to deposit all revenues, whether oil or non-oil revenues, in the banks affiliated with the Ministry of Finance and Economy. 2- Distributing a share (petro dollars) of the revenues of the Ministry of Natural Resources to the oil and gas producing areas, with the aim of enhancing services provided to citizens and raising the standard of living for the residents of these areas. 3- Activating the role of the Financial Supervision Bureau and the Integrity Commission in the Kurdistan Region. 4- Develop comprehensive planning for the development of all oil fields in a fair manner, without giving preference to the region over other regions

Education Reform: What Is Really Achieved by Trying to Close Achievement Gaps?

In this article, I trace the history of the substitution of education reform for economic reform in order to ask, and answer, this question: why do we continue to imagine that (higher) education is where we, finally, achieve equality? The substitution of education reform for economic reform begins in the early 1960’s with the landmark “Coleman Report.” I argue that this report, and others that followed, show conclusively that economic inequality simply reproduces itself, and no amount of educational reform can make up for its devastating effects. However, at this very same time, education reformers begin to believe that educational “achievement” is the cause of increased economic opportunity and equality, rather than an effect of (un)equal economic status. This confusion of cause and effect not only distracts us from meaningful economic reform, it also puts tremendous pressure on teachers and institutions. Finally, and fatally, substituting educational reform for economic reform remakes equality itself into something that is earned rather than given.

Reading Memories in the Drizzle

This vignette presents Yu Hua´s novel from 1991 and analyses two different interpretations of the novel with fifteen years between them written by the same prominent critic, Chen Xiaoming. The first interpretation was written in 1992 when China was in the early stages of economic reform. The second was written in 2007 when deep-going social changes had affected the life of the individual. By comparing these two essays, I aim to show how a literary text may act as a catalyst for bringing out existential issues at stake at a particular point in time.

THE ROLE OF PRESIDENT ABDEL FATTAH AL-SISI'S GOVERNMENT FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF EGYPT'S POST-REVOLUTIONARY ECONOMIC REFORMS IN 2011

<pre style="text-align: justify; background: #F8F9FA;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;" lang="IN">After the revolution in 2011, Egypt has experienced various conditions of instability in various fields, especially the economy and politics. <span class="y2iqfc">The government of Mohammed Morsi, which was previously expected improve the Egyptian economy, actually exacerbated the situation. The Egyptian people staged various protests and other forms of protest in order for the government to immediately improve the situation. However, the government failed to carry out conflict management so the military carried out a coup. Morsi's position was later replaced by Abdel Fattah Al-Sisi. Al-Sisi's background as a military figure led to repressive policies being implemented. During Al-Sisi's reign, there was a significant increase in the Egyptian economy. The purpose of this research is to identify the role of President Al-Sisi's government for the development of economic reform in Egypt after the 2011 Revolution. This research use</span></span><span class="y2iqfc"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="EN-US">d</span></span><span class="y2iqfc"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="IN">a qualitative approach with an exploratory type of research, and refers to the theory of liberalism and the rational actor model. The results of this research indicate that President Al-Sisi's policies have a positive impact on the development of the Egyptian economy as indicated by an increase in Egypt's Gross Domestic Product, a decrease in inflation rates, and poverty.</span></span></pre>

Chaebol

Chaebol is a very contentious word in Korea, both practically and theoretically. Chaebols serve as genes, deeply imprinted on the structural characteristics and historical origins of all sectors, including politics, society, and culture, as well as the economy and business management in South Korea. The assessment of Chaebols is largely expressed using one of three metaphors: angels, demons, or necessary evils in South Korea’s political economy. The democratization in 1987 and the 1997 Asian economic crisis served as dual pressures that triggered economic reform and resulted in extensive institutional change and Chaebol reform. Under the pressures of globalization and democratization, the country’s developmental state and Chaebols are all going through the process of reform and evolution. The sustainability and future of Chaebols will depend on how innovative they are in the global market and how much they can enhance social trust in South Korea.