Pulsed-current duty cycle dependence of electromigration-induced stress generation in aluminum conductors

Nanocomposite Ni–Zn coatings containing 80 wt.% Al2O3, 5 wt.% Y2O3 and 15 wt.% graphene were fabricated by pulsed electrodeposition method in nickel–zinc sulphate-based electrolyte and effects of pulse current parameters on nickel and other element contents, microstructure, resistance to corrosion and tribological properties of the coatings were investigated. The pulsed current with duty cycle from 10% to 50% was applied to different samples and frequency changed gradually from 500 to 4000[Formula: see text]Hz in five steps during coating process. Increasing the duty cycle led to decrease of absorbed nanoparticles in the surface of the coatings from 4.4 vol% to 3.58 vol% The sample coated with 10% duty cycle had utmost alumina content in the coating surface, 3.5 vol% in first layer up to 4.4 vol% in fifth layer. The sample coated with 30% duty cycle had higher corrosion resistance with passive current density of 2.5[Formula: see text]mA/cm2. Furthermore, the results showed that by increasing the duty cycle, wear rate had been increased up to 1.3[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]10[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]mm2/N[Formula: see text]m.

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The charge-trapping and triplet-triplet annihilation processes in organic light-emitting diodes: A duty cycle dependence study on magneto-electroluminescence

Applied Physics Letters ◽

10.1063/1.4788681 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 102 (2) ◽

pp. 023301 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Qiming Peng ◽

Ping Chen ◽

Feng Li

Keyword(s):

Duty Cycle ◽

Light Emitting Diodes ◽

Charge Trapping ◽

Organic Light Emitting Diodes ◽

Light Emitting ◽

Organic Light ◽

Cycle Dependence ◽

Triplet Triplet Annihilation

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Duty Cycle Dependence of Ultrasound Enhanced Thrombolysis in an In-vitro Human Clot Model

Annals of Emergency Medicine ◽

10.1016/j.annemergmed.2005.06.104 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 46 (3) ◽

pp. 27 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

G.J. Shaw ◽

J.M. Meunier ◽

J.Y. Cheng ◽

C.K. Holland

Keyword(s):

Duty Cycle ◽

Cycle Dependence

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Effect of the duty cycle of pulsed current on nanocomposite layers formed by pulsed electrodeposition

Rare Metals ◽

10.1007/s12598-010-0036-0 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 29 (2) ◽

pp. 209-213 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

M. Aliofkhazraei ◽

Sh. Ahangarani ◽

A. Sabour Rouhaghdam

Keyword(s):

Duty Cycle ◽

Pulsed Current ◽

Pulsed Electrodeposition

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Duty-cycle dependence of the filamentation effect in gas devices for high repetition rate pulsed x-ray FELs

10.1117/12.2261226 ◽

2017 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Yiping Feng ◽

Tor O. Raubenheimer

Keyword(s):

Duty Cycle ◽

Repetition Rate ◽

High Repetition Rate ◽

X Ray ◽

High Repetition ◽

Cycle Dependence

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STUDY OF THE COBALT-MOLYBDENE ALLOY ELECTRODEPOSITION PROCESS IN STATIONARY AND PULSE ELECTROLYESIS

IZVESTIA VOLGOGRAD STATE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY ◽

10.35211/1990-5297-2020-6-241-86-91 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 86-91

Author(s):

V. T. Fomichev ◽

A. V. Savchenko ◽

G. P. Gubarevich

Keyword(s):

Current Efficiency ◽

Polarization Curve ◽

Duty Cycle ◽

Electrolyte Composition ◽

Molybdenum Alloy ◽

Pulsed Current ◽

Electrodeposition Process ◽

Alloy Electrodeposition ◽

Curve Method

The polarization curve method was used to study the process of co-deposition of cobalt and molybdenum using a constant and pulsed current of different duty cycle. The effect of the electrolyte composition, the parameters of the pulsed current on the current efficiency and the composition of the cobalt-molybdenum alloy is shown.

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Exposure of immature rats to hyperoxia increases tracheal smooth muscle stress generation in vitro

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1994.76.2.743 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 76 (2) ◽

pp. 743-749 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

M. B. Hershenson ◽

M. E. Wylam ◽

N. Punjabi ◽

J. G. Umans ◽

P. T. Schumacker ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Smooth Muscle ◽

Contractile Function ◽

Stress Generation ◽

Tracheal Smooth Muscle ◽

Smooth Muscle Contractility ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Induced Stress ◽

Hyperoxic Exposure

Recently, we demonstrated that chronic exposure to hyperoxia causes in vivo airway muscarinic receptor hyperresponsiveness in the developing rat [Am. J. Physiol. 262 (Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 6): L263-L269, 1992]. To test whether airway cholinergic hyperresponsiveness might result from intrinsic alterations in smooth muscle contractility, we measured the effect of in vivo hyperoxia on the contractile force elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) of isometrically mounted tracheal rings in vitro. Tracheal rings were obtained from 3-wk-old rats exposed to air or to > 95% O2 for 8 days. Muscarinic responses were determined by measuring the force elicited by exposure to increasing concentrations of ACh. Responses were normalized to the morphometrically determined tracheal smooth muscle cross-sectional area in a plane perpendicular to the axis of force generation. In vivo O2 exposure significantly increased maximal ACh-induced stress generation (response to 10(-3) M ACh: air, 15.92 +/- 1.37 g/mm2; O2, 21.78 +/- 1.52 g/mm2; P = 0.010). The ACh-induced stress generation of cylinders from hyperoxic rats was substantially reduced by both epithelial removal and treatment with the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin. We conclude that in vivo hyperoxic exposure increases tracheal smooth muscle contractile function in vitro and that epithelium-derived prostaglandin(s) contributes to the observed increase in maximal contractile responsiveness.

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Duty Cycle and Frequency Effects of Pulsed-DC Currents on Electromigration-Induced Stress in Al Interconnects

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-428-109 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 428 ◽

Author(s):

Richard Frankovic ◽

Gary H. Bernstein

Keyword(s):

Duty Cycle ◽

Critical Length ◽

Fold Increase ◽

Induced Stress ◽

Pulsed Dc ◽

Duty Cycles ◽

Current Densities ◽

Edge Displacement ◽

Dc Current ◽

Lower Duty Cycle

AbstractThe effects of the duty cycle and frequency of a pulsed-current stress on the critical length-current density product, (jlc) were measured using edge-displacement techniques. In our study, Al edge-displacement segments were stressed at a temperature of 200 °C and at peak pulsed-dc current densities below 6×105 A/cm2 in a nitrogen ambient. jlc was measured for duty cycles of 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% at 100 kHz, and for 50% duty cycle at lower frequencies. jlc was observed to increase with decreasing duty cycle and increasing frequency. We measured a 2.6-fold increase in jlc for the 25% duty cycle at 100 kHz as compared to dc. We have used the vacancy supersaturation model to predict the jlc enhancement for lower duty cycle operation.

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