Influence Analysis of Reflection Phase Deviation in Metasurface Reflector Array

Author(s):  
Lin Qi ◽  
Yang Feng ◽  
Shao-Peng Pan ◽  
Pan Chen ◽  
Jia-Wei Li ◽  
...  
2011 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-344
Author(s):  
신규용 ◽  
Oh,Myoungho ◽  
김두형 ◽  
이영수 ◽  
신내호
Keyword(s):  

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-146
Author(s):  
Suhartina Suhartina

This classroom action research aims to improve students' writing skill of class X4 SMA Negeri 3 Bulukumba. The subjects of the study were the students of class X SMA Negeri 3 Bulukumba as much as 42 people. The object of research is the technique of direct object and peer editing, as well as the skill of writing the description. The action is done in two cycles. Each cycle consists of four stages, namely planning, implementation, observation / evaluation, and reflection. The research data is the data writing skill descriptions collected through the guidelines of writing descriptions and observation skills. Data were analyzed descriptively quantitative. The result of research shows that firstly, the process of learning with direct object technique that can improve the writing skill of descriptive paragraph of X-4 students of SMA Negeri 3 Bulukumba is by applying direct object technique in cycle I through planning, implementation, evaluation and reflection phase. In the first cycle of learning to write a descriptive paragraph is considered less than the maximum so that learning is continued into cycle II by designing the learning using direct object engineering and peer editing techniques. Second, the learning result of descriptive paragraph writing skill with direct object and peer editing technique has increased the average score of students who in cycle I only 81.3 increased to 88.1. In addition, there is also a significant change in attitude in students.


SLEEP ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorothee Fischer ◽  
Elizabeth B Klerman ◽  
Andrew J K Phillips

Abstract Study Objectives Sleep regularity predicts many health-related outcomes. Currently, however, there is no systematic approach to measuring sleep regularity. Traditionally, metrics have assessed deviations in sleep patterns from an individual’s average. Traditional metrics include intra-individual standard deviation (StDev), Interdaily Stability (IS), and Social Jet Lag (SJL). Two metrics were recently proposed that instead measure variability between consecutive days: Composite Phase Deviation (CPD) and Sleep Regularity Index (SRI). Using large-scale simulations, we investigated the theoretical properties of these five metrics. Methods Multiple sleep-wake patterns were systematically simulated, including variability in daily sleep timing and/or duration. Average estimates and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for six scenarios that affect measurement of sleep regularity: ‘scrambling’ the order of days; daily vs. weekly variation; naps; awakenings; ‘all-nighters’; and length of study. Results SJL measured weekly but not daily changes. Scrambling did not affect StDev or IS, but did affect CPD and SRI; these metrics, therefore, measure sleep regularity on multi-day and day-to-day timescales, respectively. StDev and CPD did not capture sleep fragmentation. IS and SRI behaved similarly in response to naps and awakenings but differed markedly for all-nighters. StDev and IS required over a week of sleep-wake data for unbiased estimates, whereas CPD and SRI required larger sample sizes to detect group differences. Conclusions Deciding which sleep regularity metric is most appropriate for a given study depends on a combination of the type of data gathered, the study length and sample size, and which aspects of sleep regularity are most pertinent to the research question.


Author(s):  
Xiang LIU ◽  
Yan JIA ◽  
Rong JIANG ◽  
Yong QUAN

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