Challenges and opportunities in grid connected commercial scale PV and wind farms

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syed Islam
Keyword(s):  
Wind Farms ◽  
Commercial Scale ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities

Floating Substations for Commercial-Scale Floating Windfarms

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin Jones ◽  
Ian Childs
Keyword(s):  
Water Depth ◽  
Direct Current ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Pilot Projects ◽  
Hull Form ◽  
Hydrodynamic Analysis ◽  
Commercial Scale ◽  
Hull Forms ◽  
Ancillary Equipment ◽  
Structural Code

Abstract As floating wind farms move from pilot projects to commercial-scale installations they will move further offshore and into deeper water. There will be a requirement for offshore substations to deliver the electricity to shore, for which floating support structures will be the preferred solution. This paper describes the challenges and development of solutions for commercial-scale HVAC and HVDC floating offshore substations. Two different floating substation concepts have been developed. Layouts for the electrical and ancillary equipment were initially developed, to enable efficient packaging and structural efficiency for the topsides. By integrating the hull and topsides, the overall mass of the structure is minimised, benefitting stability and reducing hull size. Hydrodynamic analysis of the substructures was performed and structural code checks on the hull and topsides were carried out in Sesam. Mooring designs for each structure for 250m water depth have been developed and analysed in Orcaflex. It is likely that alternating current (HVAC) export to shore will be used for shorter transmission distances and direct current (HVDC) will be used for longer transmission distances. HVDC and HVAC floating substations will have quite different hull forms. The larger topsides footprint and greater mass of the HVDC conversion equipment make a conventional semi-submersible hull form efficient when allied to a stressed-skin topsides structure. The smaller footprint, lighter weight and differing requirements for protection from the elements of the HVAC topsides make this inefficient, so a deep draught semi-submersible with a hybrid topsides is the preferred solution. It is concluded that floating substations suitable for large, commercial-scale wind farms will be the chosen solution for anything other than shallow water or close to shore.

scholarly journals A Spatial Analysis of the Potentials for Offshore Wind Farm Locations in the North Sea Region: Challenges and Opportunities

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gusatu ◽  
Yamu ◽  
Zuidema ◽  
Faaij
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
North Sea ◽  
Water Depth ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Offshore Wind Farms ◽  
The North ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
The North Sea

Over the last decade, the accelerated transition towards cleaner means of producing energy has been clearly prioritised by the European Union through large-scale planned deployment of wind farms in the North Sea. From a spatial planning perspective, this has not been a straight-forward process, due to substantial spatial conflicts with the traditional users of the sea, especially with fisheries and protected areas. In this article, we examine the availability of offshore space for wind farm deployment, from a transnational perspective, while taking into account different options for the management of the maritime area through four scenarios. We applied a mixed-method approach, combining expert knowledge and document analysis with the spatial visualisation of existing and future maritime spatial claims. Our calculations clearly indicate a low availability of suitable locations for offshore wind in the proximity of the shore and in shallow waters, even when considering its multi-use with fisheries and protected areas. However, the areas within 100 km from shore and with a water depth above –120 m attract greater opportunities for both single use (only offshore wind farms) and multi-use (mainly with fisheries), from an integrated planning perspective. On the other hand, the decrease of energy targets combined with sectoral planning result in clear limitations to suitable areas for offshore wind farms, indicating the necessity to consider areas with a water depth below –120 m and further than 100 km from shore. Therefore, despite the increased costs of maintenance and design adaptation, the multi-use of space can be a solution for more sustainable, stakeholder-engaged and cost-effective options in the energy deployment process. This paper identifies potential pathways, as well as challenges and opportunities for future offshore space management with the aim of achieving the 2050 renewable energy targets.

scholarly journals Geophysical potential for wind energy over the open oceans

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (43) ◽  
pp. 11338-11343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Possner ◽  
Ken Caldeira
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Lower Troposphere ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Surface Heat ◽  
The North ◽  
Commercial Scale ◽  
Higher Power ◽  
Large Wind

Wind turbines continuously remove kinetic energy from the lower troposphere, thereby reducing the wind speed near hub height. The rate of electricity generation in large wind farms containing multiple wind arrays is, therefore, constrained by the rate of kinetic energy replenishment from the atmosphere above. In recent years, a growing body of research argues that the rate of generated power is limited to around 1.5 W m−2 within large wind farms. However, in this study, we show that considerably higher power generation rates may be sustainable over some open ocean areas. In particular, the North Atlantic is identified as a region where the downward transport of kinetic energy may sustain extraction rates of 6 W m−2 and above over large areas in the annual mean. Furthermore, our results indicate that the surface heat flux from the oceans to the atmosphere may play an important role in creating regions where sustained high rates of downward transport of kinetic energy and thus, high rates of kinetic energy extraction may be geophysical possible. While no commercial-scale deep water wind farms yet exist, our results suggest that such technologies, if they became technically and economically feasible, could potentially provide civilization-scale power.

scholarly journals Bigger Is Not Always Better: Review of Small Wind in Brazil

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 976
Author(s):  
Fábio Ricardo Procópio de Araújo ◽  
Marcio Giannini Pereira ◽  
Marcos Aurélio Vasconcelos Freitas ◽  
Neilton Fidelis da Silva ◽  
Eduardo Janser de Azevedo Dantas
Keyword(s):  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Energy Market ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Objective Evidence ◽  
Small Wind Turbines ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Installed Capacity ◽  
Large Wind

This century registers a significant expansion in the wind power market. However, the vast majority of these investments are concentrated in large wind turbines. The century begins with an installed capacity of about 20 GW, which reaches 650 GW in 2019. On the other hand, it is important to highlight that small wind turbines have not followed this virtuous path, a fact that is evident in Brazil’s reality. In this context, the article aims at evaluating the current situation of the wind energy market for Small Wind Turbines in Brazil (SWT) and its future perspectives, identifying the main characteristics of the sector, its challenges, and opportunities. It is an exploratory–explanatory research study that investigates the theme, generating knowledge that turns to practical application, as it seeks answers to solve local interests. This methodological approach provides objective evidence that the production of knowledge about the use of SWT in Brazil still remains embryonic, shaded by the impressive progress registered by the major wind farms in the country, despite all the potential and socioeconomic and environmental attractions. This fact credits the revision research with an innovative role in the apprehension of knowledge related to the development of SWT in Brazil.

Challenges and Opportunities for Commercial-Scale Carbon Capture and Storage in Kansas

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yevhen Holubnyak ◽  
Martin Dubois ◽  
Jennifer Hollenbach ◽  
Franciszek Hasiuk
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Capture ◽  
Carbon Capture And Storage ◽  
Commercial Scale ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
And Storage

scholarly journals Review of Control Techniques for Wind Energy Systems

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 6666
Author(s):  
Hooman Ghaffarzadeh ◽  
Ali Mehrizi-Sani
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Power Grid ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Renewable Energy Resources ◽  
Point Tracking ◽  
Power Point Tracking ◽  
Fault Ride Through ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Power Point ◽  
Wind Energy Systems

In recent years, penetration of renewable energy resources into the power grid has increased significantly. Wind, as a renewable, clean, and abundantly available source of energy, has an important share in the energy mix. However, increasing the penetration of wind power in the power grid can adversely affect the power quality and introduce new operational challenges. This paper discusses issues related to the integration of wind farms in the power system, such as maximum power point tracking, fault ride-through capabilities, interarea and subsynchronous oscillations, and voltage flicker, and provides a review of the existing control strategies to address these issues in Types I, II, III, and IV wind turbines. This paper also identifies challenges and opportunities ahead.

Continuous hydrogenolysis of acetal-stabilized lignin in flow

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wu Lan ◽  
Yuan Peng Du ◽  
Songlan Sun ◽  
Jean Behaghel de Bueren ◽  
Florent Héroguel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities

We performed a steady state high-yielding depolymerization of soluble acetal-stabilized lignin in flow, which offered a window into challenges and opportunities that will be faced when continuously processing this feedstock.

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