Highly diluted, low temperature homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion leads to ultra-low levels of engine-out NOx emissions. A standard drive cycle, however, would require switches between HCCI and spark-ignited (SI) combustion modes. In this paper a methodology is introduced, investigating the fuel economy of such a multimode combustion concept in combination with a three-way catalytic converter (TWC). The TWC needs to exhibit unoccupied oxygen storage sites in order to show acceptable performance. But the lean exhaust gas during HCCI operation fills the oxygen storage and leads to a drop in NOx conversion efficiency. Eventually the levels of NOx become unacceptable and a mode switch to a fuel rich combustion mode is necessary in order to deplete the oxygen storage. The resulting lean-rich cycling leads to a penalty in fuel economy. In order to evaluate the impact of those penalties on fuel economy, a finite state model for combustion mode switches is combined with a longitudinal vehicle model and a phenomenological TWC model, focused on oxygen storage. The aftertreatment model is calibrated using combustion mode switch experiments from lean HCCI to rich spark-assisted HCCI and back. Fuel and emissions maps acquired in steady state experiments are used. Two depletion strategies are compared in terms of their influence on drive cycle fuel economy and NOx emissions.
Box–Jenkins Black-Box Modeling of a Lithium-Ion Battery Cell Based on Automotive Drive Cycle Data
