Follow-up Test Cases are Better Than Source Test Cases in Metamorphic Testing: A Preliminary Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zenghui Zhou ◽  
Zheng Zheng ◽  
Tsong Yueh Chen ◽  
Jinyi Zhou ◽  
Kun Qiu
Keyword(s):  
Test Cases ◽  
Metamorphic Testing ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Source Test

A Metamorphic Testing Methodology for Online SOA Application Testing

2010 ◽  
pp. 45-66
Author(s):  
W. K. Chan ◽  
S. C. Cheung ◽  
Karl R.P.H. Leung
Keyword(s):  
Business Strategy ◽  
Test Cases ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Supportive Services ◽  
Metamorphic Testing ◽  
Service Testing ◽  
Service Interface ◽  
Expected Outcomes

Testing the correctness of service integration is a step toward assurance of the quality of applications. These applications however may bind dynamically to their supportive services using the SOA pattern that share the same service interface, yet the latter services may behave differently. In addition, a service may implement a business strategy, such as best pricing, relative to the behaviors of its competitors and the dynamic market conditions. As such, defining a test oracle that specifies the absolute expected outcomes for individual test cases is hard. Many existing works ignore these issues to address the problem of identifying failures from test results. This chapter studies an approach to online testing. Service testing is divided into two steps. In the spirit of metamorphic testing, the offline step determines a set of successful test cases to construct their corresponding follow-up test cases for the online step. These test cases will be executed by metamorphic services that encapsulate the services as well as applicable metamorphic relations. Thus, any failure revealed by the approach will be a failure of the service under test.

scholarly journals Metamorphic Testing Using Geometric Interrogation Technique and Its Application

1970 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.Y. Sim ◽  
W.K.S. Pao ◽  
C. Lin
Keyword(s):  
Test Case ◽  
Test Cases ◽  
Output Function ◽  
Casting Simulation ◽  
Intrinsic Properties ◽  
Metamorphic Testing ◽  
Automatic Test Case Generation ◽  
Geometric Function ◽  
Interrogation Technique

Usual techniques used in the automatic test case generation and executions assume that a complete oracle will be available during the testing process. However, in some numerical programs this assumption is not valid because the oracle in form of analytical solution is either not available or too difficult to obtain. To overcome this problem, metamorphic testing proposes to generate follow-up test cases to check important properties of the output function. We study the intrinsic properties of Medial Axes for casting applications. Even though Medial Axes is a geometric function that is independent from the output function of casting simulation, we propose to use its intrinsic properties for metamorphic testing of casting simulation to alleviate the oracle problem.

TOWARDS AUTOMATIC TESTING OF IMAGING SOFTWARE BY MEANS OF RANDOM AND METAMORPHIC TESTING

2007 ◽  
Vol 17 (06) ◽  
pp. 757-781 ◽  
Author(s):  
RALPH GUDERLEI ◽  
JOHANNES MAYER
Keyword(s):  
Mutation Analysis ◽  
Test Data ◽  
Automatic Testing ◽  
Test Cases ◽  
Test Data Generation ◽  
Data Generation ◽  
Metamorphic Testing ◽  
Actual Result ◽  
Random Models

Testing of imaging software is a challenging task, which is usually done manually. For this purpose, well-known test images are generally used whose expected output can be specified in advance or the actual result is visually inspected by the tester. In the present paper, an approach is described that allows to test imaging software fully automatically. Several random models are proposed for test data generation. Metamorphic relations are presented that can be used to generate follow-up test cases and evaluate the result. The models for test data generation and the oracle solutions are compared using mutation analysis. The presented approach is quite generally applicable in the field of imaging software.

The “How” of Animacy Effects in Episodic Memory

2015 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
pp. 371-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Bonin ◽  
Margaux Gelin ◽  
Betty Laroche ◽  
Alain Méot ◽  
Aurélia Bugaiska
Keyword(s):  
Memory Load ◽  
Recall Performance ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Human Memory ◽  
Recall Rate ◽  
Interactive Imagery ◽  
Ultimate Explanation ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Observation Results

Abstract. Animates are better remembered than inanimates. According to the adaptive view of human memory ( Nairne, 2010 ; Nairne & Pandeirada, 2010a , 2010b ), this observation results from the fact that animates are more important for survival than inanimates. This ultimate explanation of animacy effects has to be complemented by proximate explanations. Moreover, animacy currently represents an uncontrolled word characteristic in most cognitive research ( VanArsdall, Nairne, Pandeirada, & Cogdill, 2015 ). In four studies, we therefore investigated the “how” of animacy effects. Study 1 revealed that words denoting animates were recalled better than those referring to inanimates in an intentional memory task. Study 2 revealed that adding a concurrent memory load when processing words for the animacy dimension did not impede the animacy effect on recall rates. Study 3A was an exact replication of Study 2 and Study 3B used a higher concurrent memory load. In these two follow-up studies, animacy effects on recall performance were again not altered by a concurrent memory load. Finally, Study 4 showed that using interactive imagery to encode animate and inanimate words did not alter the recall rate of animate words but did increase the recall of inanimate words. Taken together, the findings suggest that imagery processes contribute to these effects.

Burst Spinal Cord Stimulation

Neurosurgery ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 986-990 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dirk De Ridder ◽  
Sven Vanneste ◽  
Mark Plazier ◽  
Elsa van der Loo ◽  
Tomas Menovsky
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Neuropathic Pain ◽  
Visual Analog Scale ◽  
Spinal Cord Stimulation ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Burst Stimulation ◽  
Analog Scale ◽  
Tonic Stimulation ◽  
Better Than

Abstract INTRODUCTION Spinal cord stimulation is commonly used for neuropathic pain modulation. The major side effect is the onset of paresthesia. The authors describe a new stimulation design that suppresses pain as well as, or even better than, the currently used stimulation, but without creating paresthesia. METHODS A spinal cord electrode (Lamitrode) for neuropathic pain was implanted in 12 patients via laminectomy: 4 at the C2 level and 7 at the T8–T9 level for cervicobrachialgia and lumboischialgia, respectively (1 at T11 at another center). During external stimulation, the patients received the classic tonic stimulation (40 or 50 Hz) and the new burst stimulation (40-Hz burst with 5 spikes at 500 Hz per burst). RESULTS Pain scores were measured using a visual analog scale and the McGill Short Form preoperatively and during tonic and burst stimulation. Paresthesia was scored as present or not present. Burst stimulation was significantly better for pain suppression, by both the visual analog scale score and the McGill Short Form score. Paresthesia was present in 92% of patients during tonic stimulation, and in only 17% during burst stimulation. Average follow-up was 20.5 months. CONCLUSION The authors present a new method of spinal cord stimulation using bursts that suppress neuropathic pain without the mandatory paresthesia. Pain suppression seems as good as or potentially better than that achieved with the currently used stimulation. Average follow-up after nearly 2 years (20.5 months) suggests that this stimulation design is stable.

Esthetic Restorative Options for Pulpotomized Primary Molars: A Review of Literature

2011 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcio Guelmann ◽  
Joseph Shapira ◽  
Daniela Silva ◽  
Anna Fuks
Keyword(s):  
Hybrid Composites ◽  
Primary Molars ◽  
Glass Ionomer ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Resin Modified Glass Ionomer ◽  
Alternative Materials ◽  
Long Term Follow Up ◽  
Better Than

Objective: The goal of this manuscript was to review the existing literature in regards to esthetic options to restore pulpotomized primary molars. Study design: A pubmed literature search has been performed and all relevant studies were assessed. Results: Two laboratory, 3 restrospective and 4 prospective clinical studies were found, reviewed and analyzed. Conclusions: Based on the limited information available, we concluded that tooth colored and bonded restorations showed promising results as alternative materials to replace stainless steel crowns after pulpotomies in primary molars. Hybrid composites tend to perform better than compomers. Resin modified glass ionomer cements demonstrated excellent marginal seal and retention. More long-term follow up studies are necessary until more definitive recommendations can be made.

scholarly journals PRIORITIZATION OF COMBINATORIAL TEST CASES BY INCREMENTAL INTERACTION COVERAGE

2013 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 1427-1457 ◽  
Author(s):  
RUBING HUANG ◽  
XIAODONG XIE ◽  
DAVE TOWEY ◽  
TSONG YUEH CHEN ◽  
YANSHENG LU ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Test Case ◽  
Test Cases ◽  
New Strategy ◽  
Testing Cost ◽  
Test Prioritization ◽  
Interaction Testing ◽  
Parameter Interactions ◽  
Combinatorial Interaction Testing ◽  
Alternative Assumption ◽  
Better Than

Combinatorial interaction testing is a well-recognized testing method, and has been widely applied in practice, often with the assumption that all test cases in a combinatorial test suite have the same fault detection capability. However, when testing resources are limited, an alternative assumption may be that some test cases are more likely to reveal failure, thus making the order of executing the test cases critical. To improve testing cost-effectiveness, prioritization of combinatorial test cases is employed. The most popular approach is based on interaction coverage, which prioritizes combinatorial test cases by repeatedly choosing an unexecuted test case that covers the largest number of uncovered parameter value combinations of a given strength (level of interaction among parameters). However, this approach suffers from some drawbacks. Based on previous observations that the majority of faults in practical systems can usually be triggered with parameter interactions of small strengths, we propose a new strategy of prioritizing combinatorial test cases by incrementally adjusting the strength values. Experimental results show that our method performs better than the random prioritization technique and the technique of prioritizing combinatorial test suites according to test case generation order, and has better performance than the interaction-coverage-based test prioritization technique in most cases.

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