Strong solid state bonds are routinely produced between physical vapor deposited (PVD) silver coatings deposited on sputter cleaned surfaces of two dissimilar metal parts. The low temperature (200°C) and short time (10 min) used in the bonding cycle are advantageous from the standpoint of productivity and dimensional control. These conditions unfortunately produce no microstructural changes at or near the interface that are detectable by optical, SEM, or microprobe examination. Microstructural problems arising at these interfaces could therefore easily go undetected by these techniques. TEM analysis has not been previously applied to this problem because of the difficulty in specimen preparation. The purpose of this paper is to describe our technique for preparing specimens from solid state bonds and to present our initial observations of the microstructural details of such bonds.
The expansion of the markets corroborated with product customization and short time to launch the product have led to new levels of competition among product development companies. To be successful in the globalization of the markets and to enable the evaluation and validation of products, companies have to develop methodologies focused on lifecycle analysis and reduction of product variation to obtain both quality and robustness of products. Keywords: Modeling, Evaluation, Validation, Design ProcessThis paper proposes a new design process methodology that unifies theoretical results of modeling stage and empirical findings obtained from the validation stage. The evaluations and validations of engineering design are very important and they have a high influence on product performances and their functionality, as well on the customer perceptions.Given that most companies maintain the confidentiality of their product development processes and that the existing literature does not provide more detailed aspects of this field, the proposed methodology will represent a technical and logistical support intended for students or engineers involved in academic as well as industrial projects.A generic methodology will be refined based on a new approach that will take into consideration the specification types (quantitative or qualitative), the design objectives and the product types: new/improved, structural/esthetic. Hence the new generic methodology will be composed of specific product validation algorithms taking into account the above considerations. At the end of this paper, the improvements provided by the proposed methodology into the design process will be shown in the context of the engineering student capstone projects at the Université de Sherbrooke.
This article presents the method and first results of using the 1881 England and Wales Census Enumerators' Books (CEBs) to identify and extract employer records using occupational information. Over 230,000 employers are identified, of which about four fifths employ others. Important sub-groups are also identified of the own account selfemployed, company proprietors, directors and partnerships. The article demonstrates the feasibility of the method and uses the example of the building industry to illustrate firm-size distribution at parish level across England and Wales. The paper indicates the applicability of the extraction method to other censuses, which is now possible using the recently released I-CeM database. The paper also demonstrates some difficulties in the database for 1881, including data keying and coding errors, ranging from 0.5 to 5.5 per cent of entries for larger businesses. Gender miscoding appears to be a systematic error of about 0.7 per 1,000 people. The analysis suggests that where small or atypical sample groups are involved, users of the census database should make detailed checks with manuscript CEBs.
The metrological scheme of the control head of a simplified design is presented, its kinematic accuracy is analyzed. It is shown, that the effectiveness of the use of the head of this design, i.e., the accuracy of control, when controlling tolerances, in the manufacture of the part depends on the choice of the length of the measuring probe.
Keywords
part, size, control, measuring probe, kinematic accuracy, metrological scheme.
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Background:
The sustainable development of the building industry has drawn increasing
attention around the world. Nanomaterials and nanotechnology play an important role in the processes
of energy saving and reducing consumption in the building industry. Nanotechnology patents provide
key technological support for the green development of the building industry. Based on patent data in
China, this paper quantitatively analyzed the application of nanotechnology patents in the building industry
and the time trend, regional differences, and evolution of China's nano-patent applications in the
building field.
Methods:
In this study, the environmental total factor productivity of the building industry considering
carbon constraints was determined and then used as the dependent variable to measure the green development
of the building industry. On this basis, a panel data regression model was constructed to determine
the impact of nano-patents on the green development of the building industry.
Results:
Nanotechnology patents in the building industry can significantly improve total factor productivity.
From the perspective of patent composition, technology-based patents that focus on substantial
innovation can significantly promote the green development of the building industry, whereas strategic
patents show a significant inhibitory effect. Regionally, the western region of China has the advantage
of being less developed and thus more efficient than the central and eastern regions in the application
of new nano-products. Finally, the research also showed a significant lag in the application of China's
nanotechnology patents and low implementation efficiency.
Conclusion:
Nano patents can promote green development in the building industry, but there is room
for improvement in the speed with which laboratory inventions are transformed into building engineering
applications.
