Kaluza's Law and Secondary Stress

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nelson Goering
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Stress

Influence exerted by underground excavation shape and by effective stresses on the formation of a tensile strain zone at a depth greater than 1 km

2020 ◽  
pp. 67-75
Author(s):  
Van Min Nguyen ◽  
V. A. Eremenko ◽  
M. A. Sukhorukova ◽  
S. S. Shermatova
Keyword(s):  
Rock Mass ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Tensile Strain ◽  
Rock Fracture ◽  
Strain Analysis ◽  
Surrounding Rock ◽  
Underground Excavation ◽  
Secondary Stress ◽  
Principal Stresses ◽  
Mining Depth

The article presents the studies into the secondary stress field formed in surrounding rock mass around underground excavations of different cross-sections and the variants of principal stresses at a mining depth greater than 1 km. The stress-strain analysis of surrounding rock mass around development headings was performed in Map3D environment. The obtained results of the quantitative analysis are currently used in adjustment of the model over the whole period of heading and support of operating mine openings. The estimates of the assumed parameters of excavations, as well as the calculations of micro-strains in surrounding rock mass by three scenarios are given. During heading in the test area in granite, dense fracturing and formation of tensile strain zone proceeds from the boundary of e ≥ 350me and is used to determine rough distances from the roof ( H roof) and sidewalls ( H side) of an underground excavation to the 3 boundary e = 350me (probable rock fracture zone). The modeling has determined the structure of secondary stress and strain fields in the conditions of heading operations at great depths.

Acoustic correlates of primary and secondary stress in North American English

2011 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 362-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingo Plag ◽  
Gero Kunter ◽  
Mareile Schramm
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
American English ◽  
Secondary Stress ◽  
Acoustic Correlates

Stress Analysis and Structure Optimization for the Opening Flat Cover of Pressure Vessels

2012 ◽  
Vol 538-541 ◽  
pp. 3253-3258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Jian Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element Analysis ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Stress Concentration ◽  
Stress Analysis ◽  
Structure Optimization ◽  
Pressure Vessels ◽  
Secondary Stress ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Primary Stress ◽  
Flat Cover

According to the results of finite element analysis (FEA), when the diameter of opening of the flat cover is no more than 0.5D (d≤0.5D), there is obvious stress concentration at the edge of opening, but only existed within the region of 2d. Increasing the thickness of flat covers could not relieve the stress concentration at the edge of opening. It is recommended that reinforcing element being installed within the region of 2d should be used. When the diameter of openings is larger than 0.5D (d>0.5D), conical or round angle transitions could be employed at connecting location, with which the edge stress decreased remarkably. However, the primary stress plus the secondary stress would be valued by 3[σ].

The Effects of Classification of Misalignment-Induced Stresses in Engineering Critical Assessments of Welded Joints With Some Misalignment

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liwu Wei
Keyword(s):  
Welded Joints ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Limit Load ◽  
Surface Cracks ◽  
Plastic Limit ◽  
Secondary Stress ◽  
Butt Weld ◽  
Crack Driving Force ◽  
Plastic Limit Load

In the ECA of a structure or component such as a pipeline girth weld, the bending stress component arising from misalignment across the weld is often classified as primary, partly because standards such as BS 7910 and API 579-1/ASME FFS-1 do not give definitive guidance on this subject. This approach may be over-conservative as the σmis is localised. In order to obtain a more realistic assessment of the structural integrity of structures containing misalignment, it is necessary to understand the conservatism or non-conservatism in an ECA associated with the classification of σmis. To address the above concerns, systematic investigations were carried out of surface cracks in a plate butt-weld including some misalignment, external circumferential surface cracks and external fully circumferential cracks in a misaligned pipe connection. FEA of these cracked welded joints with some misalignment (typically from 1mm to 2mm) was performed to calculate crack driving force and plastic limit load. The results from FEA were compared with the existing solutions of KI and σref in BS 7910 generated by assuming three options of treating the σmis. The three options were: (1) classification of σmis wholly as primary stress; (2) 15% of σmis as primary and 85% of σmis as secondary stress; and (3) classification of σmis wholly as secondary stress. Variations in parameters (eg misalignment, crack size, loading, weld overmatch and base material properties) were taken into account in order to determine the effects of these parameters on plastic limit load and crack driving force. The implication of different classifications of σmis in terms of ECAs of misaligned welded joints was revealed by conducting BS 7910 Level 2B assessments with the use of a FAD. It was found in this work that for the cases examined, use of the σmis as entirely primary bending in an ECA was over-conservative, and even treatment of σmis as entirely secondary bending was generally shown to be still conservative, when compared with the assessments based on FEA solutions. Furthermore, caution should be exercised in using the solutions of KI and σref given in the existing BS 7910 for crack-containing structures subjected to a bi-axial or tri-axial stress state. A non-conservative estimate may result from the use of these solutions which have been derived based on a uniaxial stress condition.

scholarly journals The role of the secondary stress in teaching the English rhythm

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 101-106
Author(s):  
Metin Yurtbasi
Keyword(s):  
Stress Function ◽  
Secondary Stress ◽  
Function Words ◽  
Intended Meaning ◽  
Primary Stress ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
Keywords Stress

In the phonological literature in English, which is a stress-timed language, the existence of at least three levels of stress is usually taken for granted. Words, phrases, utterances or sentences have a prominent element in one of their syllables, which usually correlates with a partner in the same unit, called the secondary stress. It so happens that in multi-syllable words or groups bearing more than two content words, there is also a tertiary stress. Function words neighbouring the content words are usually not stressed or they are reduced. In standard writing, the primary stress is indicated by an acute accent, the secondary stress by a grave accent while the lack of stress is not marked at all. This article proposes that the distinction between primary and secondary stress should have more prevalence in the pronunciation teaching curricula, as they expose the rhythm of English and convey the intended meaning clearly.   Keywords: Stress-timed language, primary stress, secondary stress, tertiary stress, rhythm.  

Armenian prosody in typology and diachrony

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica DeLisi
Keyword(s):  
Historical Linguistics ◽  
Secondary Stress ◽  
Modern Language ◽  
Primary Stress ◽  
Prosodic Word ◽  
History Of ◽  
Final Syllable ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Stress Patterns

AbstractThis paper examines the relationship between typology and historical linguistics through a case study from the history of Armenian, where two different stress systems are found in the modern language. The first is a penult system with no associated secondary stress ([… σ́σ]ω). The other, the so-called hammock pattern, has primary stress on the final syllable and secondary stress on the initial syllable of the prosodic word ([σ̀ … σ́]ω). Although penult stress patterns are by far more typologically common than the hammock pattern in the world’s languages, I will argue that the hammock pattern must be reconstructed for the period of shared innovation, the Proto-Armenian period.

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