The impact of sweet food tax on producers and household spending—Evidence from Hungary

ObjectivesTo estimate the impact of tobacco cessation on household spending on non-tobacco goods in the USA.MethodsUsing 2006–2015 Consumer Expenditure Survey data, 9130 tobacco-consuming households were followed for four quarters. Households were categorised during the fourth quarter as having: (1) recent tobacco cessation, (2) long-term cessation, (3) relapsed cessation or (4) no cessation. Generalised linear models were used to compare fourth quarter expenditures on alcohol, food at home, food away from home, housing, healthcare, transportation, entertainment and other goods between the no-cessation households and those with recent, long-term or relapsed cessation. The full sample was analysed, and then analysed by income quartile.ResultsIn the full sample, households with long-term and recent cessation had lower spending on alcohol, food, entertainment and transportation (p<0.001). Recent cessation was further associated with reduced spending on food at home (p<0.001), whereas relapsed cessation was associated with higher spending on healthcare and food away from home (p<0.001). In the highest income quartile, long-term and recent cessations were associated with reduced alcohol spending only (p<0.001), whereas in the lowest income quartile, long-term and recent cessations were associated with lower spending on alcohol, food at home, transportation and entertainment (p<0.001).ConclusionsHouseholds that quit tobacco spend less in areas that enable or complement their tobacco cessation, most of which may be motivated by financial strain. The most robust association between tobacco cessation and spending was the significantly lower spending on alcohol.

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Impact Evaluation Program Keluarga Harapan (PKH) On Household Expenditure For Education in Java

Jurnal Ekonomi Kuantitatif Terapan ◽

10.24843/jekt.2021.v14.i01.p05 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 75

Author(s):

Yunindyo Sasmito

Keyword(s):

Developed Countries ◽

Conditional Cash Transfer ◽

Cash Transfer ◽

Household Expenditure ◽

Analysis Method ◽

Education Expenditure ◽

Household Spending ◽

Propensity Score Matching Analysis ◽

The Impact ◽

Cycle Of Poverty

Poverty becomes a global problem including developing countries and developed countries. To overcome the problem of poverty, various countries have implemented poverty alleviation programs in the form of a Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) policy package. In Indonesia, the CCT program is named PKH. This program requires prerequisites (health and education) to program recipients to get out of the cycle of poverty. This study aims to determine the impact of PKH on household spending on education in Java using IFLS 5 data in 2014. This study uses the Propensity Score Matching analysis method. Previous research shows that PKH in Indonesia has no significant impact on total household expenditure on education. By dividing the components of education expenditure, this paper has successfully demonstrated the significant impact of increasing total education expenditure in the household by IDR 1,031,963.53 per year. The increase also occurred in the total transportation costs of IDR 603,085.86. While the total education expenditure outside the household for PKH recipients declined by IDR 277,475.49 per year.

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Impact of Tobacco Expenditure on Household Spending Patterns in Kenya

European Scientific Journal ESJ ◽

10.19044/esj.2020.v16n31p260 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (31) ◽

Author(s):

Peter Magati ◽

Leopold Mureithi ◽

Wilfred Nyangena

Keyword(s):

Tobacco Use ◽

Poverty Alleviation ◽

Geographical Location ◽

Tobacco Consumption ◽

Household Spending ◽

Engel Curves ◽

Goods And Services ◽

Spending Patterns ◽

The Impact ◽

Per Capita Consumption

Despite measures to control tobacco use in Kenya, there is still an increasing importance in the use of tobacco. This is seen by the growth in per capita consumption over time. Tobacco, being an addictive product, creates a situation where consumers allocate part of their resources towards its consumption and therefore positions the use of tobacco as an important expenditure decision in households in Kenya. Due to budget constraints faced by households in Kenya, tobacco consumption may crowd out consumption of essential goods and services. This paper therefore focuses on the impact of tobacco expenditure on household spending patterns in Kenya. Using the 2005/2006 Kenya Integrated Household and Budget survey, a Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System was used to estimate a system of Engel curves to check whether the differences in expenditure between the two types of households is as a result of tobacco use or not. Results suggest that tobacco crowds out the consumption of food, health care, schooling, clothing, entertainment, house care, and personal care. Geographical location and socio-economic standing of households have a significant influence on the magnitude and pattern of crowding out. The policy implication of this finding is that tobacco control should be an integral part of governments’ poverty alleviation strategy.

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International Real Estate Review

International Real Estate Review ◽

10.53383/100262 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

pp. 275-294

Author(s):

Chu-Chia Lin: ◽

◽

Po-Sheng Lai ◽

Keyword(s):

Household Finance ◽

Tenure Choice ◽

Stage Model ◽

Estimation Model ◽

Two Stage ◽

Data Set ◽

Household Spending ◽

Saving Behavior ◽

Stage Estimation ◽

The Impact

The purpose of this paper is to estimate the impact of tenure choice on saving for Chinese households. Since housing expenditure usually accounts for a large portion of household spending, households need to consider how much they have in order to save for future housing spending when they decide on their daily expenditures, including food, clothing, transportation, education, leisure, and so on and so forth. We estimate the tenure choice behavior of Chinese households by first, applying a data set from the China Household Finance Survey and separating households into three types of tenure choice, namely, renters, owner-occupied with a mortgage, and owner-occupied without a mortgage. Then, we estimate the actual impact of tenure choice on saving by applying the Heckman two-stage model. Our estimations show two important results. First, the coefficients of the inverse Mills ratio are significant which implies that a two-stage estimation model is appropriate. Secondly, the estimated coefficients for the factors that affect saving behavior under the two-stage model are significantly different from those under a conventional model. The result shows that, without considering tenure choice, the conventional method of estimation for factors that affect saving behavior will be biased.

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Sustainable food house area policy to increase food security in the vurnerable area

International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147-4478) ◽

10.20525/ijrbs.v10i5.1265 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 216-223

Author(s):

Faza Dhora Nailufar ◽

Novy Setia Yunas ◽

M Alexander Mujiburrohman

Keyword(s):

Food Security ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Sustainable Food ◽

Household Level ◽

Household Spending ◽

Food Shopping ◽

Village Government ◽

And Control ◽

The Impact ◽

House Area

One of the important justifications for the development of the Sustainable Food House Area or in Indonesia called Kawasan Rumah Pangan Lestari (KRPL) is national food security must begin with food security at the household level. Until now, most papers about KRPL have only addressed the impact of KRPL in part or in groups, but this study provides a detailed explanation of the effectiveness of some KRPLs implantation, allowing broad generalizations to be reached about the main consequences. The location is in three east java districts with leading KRPL practices. The data was obtained by in-depth interviews with managers, local government, and affected communities. Researchers also observed the practice of KRPL in the field to complete the data. As a result, KRPL policy has at least some good impacts, such as the existence of KRPL can reduce household spending due to reduce the budget for food shopping and KRPL can stimulate the growth of productive economic enterprises in rural areas. And another important thing is KRPL can be a means of sharing and control between villagers and the village government.

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Out-of-Pocket Expenditure: The Need for a Gender Analysis

10.37774/9789275123546 ◽

2021 ◽

Keyword(s):

Health Care ◽

Latin America ◽

Race And Ethnicity ◽

Health Coverage ◽

Household Spending ◽

Depth Analysis ◽

Health Related ◽

The Impact ◽

Universal Health ◽

Gender Lens

The main purpose of this publication is to advocate for the need to understand the gendered nature of vulnerabilities to poor health. Gender equality in health is an integral dimension of sustainable development, and it is critical to apply a “gender lens” to all aspects of the health system, including financing mechanisms in health. The impact of health-related out-of-pocket expenditure (OPE) on household poverty has been a significant factor driving the move toward universal health coverage across much of Latin America and beyond. However, not only do health care users still face a broad range of health-related OPEs that can contribute to the impoverishment of households, but the gender dimensions of OPEs have received very little attention. Drawing primarily on data from Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Guatemala, Nicaragua, and Peru, this report offers an in-depth analysis of the gender dimensions of health-related OPEs in Latin America. It highlights the limitations of survey data in determining levels of household spending on health as well as the potential failure of indicators to capture the impacts of coping strategies that households adopt to pay for OPEs. This publication calls for the application of an intersectional analysis to ensure a more nuanced understanding of the ways in which other social identity markers, such as race and ethnicity, alongside gender shape the ability of individuals and households to respond to the different OPEs they may encounter. Until policymakers consider the issue through a gender lens, OPE will continue to limit the potential of universal health care coverage to effectively address health inequalities.

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THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON THE FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF PN17 AND GN3 STATUS FIRMS: DOES IT ADD SALT INTO THE WOUND?

Advanced International Journal of Banking, Accounting and Finance ◽

10.35631/aijbaf.37004 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (7) ◽

pp. 47-58

Author(s):

Wan Rozima Mior Ahmed Shahimi ◽

Ahmad Harith Ashrofie Hanafi ◽

Nurul Afidah Mohamad Yusof

Keyword(s):

Financial Performance ◽

Management Practices ◽

Current Ratio ◽

Productivity Level ◽

Household Spending ◽

Dummy Variable ◽

Distressed Firms ◽

Financially Distressed ◽

Economic Landscape ◽

The Impact

The Covid-19 pandemic has brought about major changes to the Malaysian economic landscape in terms of productivity level, investment, and household spending. Nonetheless, the unprecedented presence of Covid-19 has caused an unexpected level of disruption to firms from a liquidity and leverage perspective that impacts financial performance. This study focused on financially distressed firms classified under PN17 and GN3 by Bursa Malaysia. Hence, the aim of this study is to examine the impact of liquidity, leverage, and the Covid-19 pandemic period on the financial performance of financially distressed firms in Malaysia which are classified as PN17 and GN3 firms. By using liquidity ratios, financial leverage ratios, and a dummy variable of Covid-19, the result showed that the current ratio, net working capital, and debt ratio were found significant to affect the financial performance. Meanwhile, there is no significant evidence to support that the Covid-19 pandemic has an impact on the performance of financially distressed firms. The finding indicates that the financially distressed firm’s financial performance was purely due to bad management practices, and not contributed by the Covid-19 pandemic.

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