Two decades following the successful introduction of the ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitors in clinics for the treatment of patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML), the principal objective of treatment in chronic phase (CP) is survival, preferably without life-long therapy. In tandem, the methodology and tools for assessing the prognosis of the newly diagnosed patient with CML in CP has evolved substantially. Prior to the era of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), risk assessment depended more on the response to treatment than on baseline characteristics. The Sokal score, introduced in 1984, was the first one dividing patients into three risk categories based on a mathematical formula taking into account the patient’s age, and baseline characteristics like blast cell count, spleen size, and platelet count. This, and the several other subsequent risk stratification methods developed during the chemotherapy and interferon-alpha era, have remained useful in the first-line TKI treatment, and identifies a variable proportion of high-risk patients with lower response rates and worse outcomes. In second line, the most important risk factors are the absence of haematologic or cytogenetic response on first line, the presence of hematologic toxicity the development of additional cytogenetic abnormities (ACA), and the development of BCR-ABL1 kinase domain mutations. In this chapter, we address the prognosis of CML and the various methods for risk stratification.
Durable humoral responses after the second anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccine dose in chronic myeloid leukaemia patients on tyrosine kinase inhibitors