The RGS (regulator of G-protein signalling) proteins are GTPase-activating proteins for activated Gα subunits. We investigated the effects of protein kinase C (PKC) on RGS proteins in various T cell lines by treating them with PMA. mRNA levels of both RGS16 and tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) were found to be up-regulated in CEM leukaemia cells in a PKC-dependent manner. Mezerein, a non-phorbol-ester activator of PKC, also elevated RGS16 and TNFα mRNA levels, while the specific PKC inhibitor Go6983 abrogated their expression. In view of the slower kinetics of PMA-induced RGS16 expression and the tight correlation between TNFα and RGS16 mRNA induction among the cell lines studied, we suggest that activation of PKC up-regulates RGS16 via TNFα. Indeed, addition of recombinant TNFα to CEM cells rapidly stimulated RGS16 mRNA expression independently of PKC. Furthermore, mobilization of calcium by A23187 and thapsigargin blocked the TNFα-mediated induction of RGS16, which was reversed by EGTA and by the immunosuppressants FK506 and cyclosporin A, suggesting that the calcineurin/NF-AT (nuclear factor of activated T cells) pathway may repress the up-regulation process. Our results demonstrate for the first time that activation of PKC induces RGS16 expression via TNFα in a calcium-sensitive manner, thereby implicating RGS16 in the regulation of T cell responses to inflammation.
Chronic exposure of interleukin-13 suppress the induction of matrix metalloproteinase-1 by tumour necrosis factor α in normal and scleroderma dermal fibroblasts through protein kinase B/Akt
