A reassessment of the blood-brain barrier transport of large neutral amino acids during acute systemic inflammation in humans

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 656-662 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rasmus H. Dahl ◽  
Ronan M. G. Berg ◽  
Sarah Taudorf ◽  
Damian M. Bailey ◽  
Carsten Lundby ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Systemic Inflammation ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Large Neutral Amino Acids ◽  
Neutral Amino Acids ◽  
Blood Brain

Na+-dependent transport of large neutral amino acids occurs at the abluminal membrane of the blood-brain barrier

2003 ◽  
Vol 285 (6) ◽  
pp. E1167-E1173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robyn L. O'Kane ◽  
Richard A. Hawkins
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Basement Membranes ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Large Neutral Amino Acid ◽  
Large Neutral Amino Acids ◽  
Neutral Amino Acids ◽  
Blood Brain ◽  
Dependent Transport

Several Na+-dependent carriers of amino acids exist on the abluminal membrane of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). These Na+-dependent carriers are in a position to transfer amino acids from the extracellular fluid of brain to the endothelial cells and thence to the circulation. To date, carriers have been found that may remove nonessential, nitrogen-rich, or acidic (excitatory) amino acids, all of which may be detrimental to brain function. We describe here Na+-dependent transport of large neutral amino acids across the abluminal membrane of the BBB that cannot be ascribed to currently known systems. Fresh brains, from cows killed for food, were used. Microvessels were isolated, and contaminating fragments of basement membranes, astrocyte fragments, and pericytes were removed. Abluminal-enriched membrane fractions from these microvessels were prepared. Transport was Na+dependent, voltage sensitive, and inhibited by 2-aminobicyclo-(2,2,1)-heptane-2-carboxylic acid, a particular inhibitor of the facilitative large neutral amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) system. The carrier has a high affinity for leucine ( Km21 ± 7 μM) and is inhibited by other neutral amino acids, including glutamine, histidine, methionine, phenylalanine, serine, threonine, tryptophan, and tyrosine. Other established neutral amino acids may enter the brain by way of LAT1-type facilitative transport. The presence of a Na+-dependent carrier on the abluminal membrane capable of removing large neutral amino acids, most of which are essential, from brain indicates a more complex situation that has implications for the control of essential amino acid content of brain.

Atypical amino acids inhibit histidine, valine, or lysine transport into rat brain

1983 ◽  
Vol 245 (4) ◽  
pp. R556-R563 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. K. Tews ◽  
A. E. Harper
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Rat Brain ◽  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Brain Slices ◽  
Aromatic Amino Acids ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Basic Amino Acids ◽  
Large Neutral Amino Acids ◽  
Neutral Amino Acids ◽  
Single Meal

Transport of histidine, valine, or lysine into rat brain slices and across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) was determined in the presence of atypical nonprotein amino acids. Competitors of histidine and valine transport in slices were large neutral amino acids including norleucine, norvaline, alpha-aminooctanoate, beta-methylphenylalanine, and alpha-aminophenylacetate. Less effective were aromatic amino acids with ring substituents; ineffective were basic amino acids and omega-amino isomers of norleucine and aminooctanoate. Lysine transport was moderately depressed by homoarginine or ornithine plus arginine; large neutral amino acids were also similarly inhibitory. Histidine or valine transport across the BBB was also strongly inhibited by large neutral amino acids that were the most effective competitors in the slices (norvaline, norleucine, alpha-aminooctanoate, and alpha-aminophenylacetate); homoarginine and 8-aminooctanoate were ineffective. Homoarginine, ornithine, and arginine almost completely blocked lysine transport, but the large neutral amino acids were barely inhibitory. When rats were fed a single meal containing individual atypical large neutral amino acids or homoarginine, brain pools of certain large neutral amino acids or of arginine and lysine, respectively, were depleted.

Transport of Neutral Amino Acids at the Blood-Brain Barrier

Pharmacology ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard James ◽  
Josef E. Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Neutral Amino Acids ◽  
Blood Brain

Regional Transport of Phenylalanine and Other Neutral Amino Acids Across the Blood-Brain Barrier

1988 ◽  
pp. 63-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A. Hawkins ◽  
Anke M. Mans ◽  
Julien F. Biebuyck
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Regional Transport ◽  
Neutral Amino Acids ◽  
Blood Brain

The passage of neutral amino acids across the blood—brain barrier of individual brain structures in normal and encephalopathic rats

1980 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 609-610 ◽  
Author(s):  
RICHARD A. HAWKINS ◽  
ANKE M. MANS ◽  
JULIEN F. BIEBUYCK
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Neutral Amino Acids ◽  
Blood Brain

Distribution of Small Neutral Amino Acids after Penetrating the Luminal Side of the Guinea Pig Blood-Brain Barrier

1996 ◽  
pp. 41-45
Author(s):  
S. S. Jovanovic ◽  
Z. B. Redzic ◽  
I. D. Markovic ◽  
D. M. Mitrovic ◽  
Lj. M. Rakic
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Neutral Amino Acids ◽  
Blood Brain ◽  
Luminal Side

Blood-brain barrier permeability to dipeptides and their constituent amino acids

1983 ◽  
Vol 271 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Berislav V. Zlokovic ◽  
David J. Begley ◽  
Daniel G. Chain
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Barrier Permeability ◽  
Blood Brain Barrier Permeability ◽  
Blood Brain ◽  
Brain Barrier Permeability
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