Regeneration of native woody species following artificial gap formation in an early‐successional forest in New Zealand

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-236
Author(s):  
Adrian M. Tulod ◽  
David A. Norton
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Gap Formation ◽  
Native Woody Species

scholarly journals Ecology and consequences of invasion by non-native (wilding) conifers in New Zealand

2018 ◽  
pp. 39-46
Author(s):  
Duane A Peltzer
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Propagule Pressure ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Woody Vegetation ◽  
Biological Traits ◽  
Ecosystem Impacts ◽  
Management Interventions ◽  
Native Woody Species ◽  
Negative Impacts

Invasion by non-native woody species into largely treeless vegetation such as grasslands and shrublands is widespread, and has prompted both research and management in response. Here I review the current situation of invasions by non-native Pinaceae, better known as ‘wilding conifers’ in New Zealand, and how both research and management are working to better understand and manage these invaders. The success of wildings is explained by a combination of history (e.g., deforestation of previously woody vegetation), biological traits of the species (rapid growth and early reproduction), and propagule pressure (introduction effort). Wildings represent a major land use change affecting about 2 million ha, including many grasslands, rare ecosystems and subalpine habitats. Wilding invasions into grasslands have profound impacts on biological diversity, but also have important ecosystem impacts including legacy effects belowground by altering nutrient cycling and soil biota. Recent expanded efforts are underway to control and co-ordinate management to avoid or mitigate the negative impacts of wilding conifers. The long-term value of managing invasions, and whether additional management interventions are needed to restore grasslands or woody vegetation is in progress, but is urgently needed given recent moves to widely establish new woody vegetation at large scales in New Zealand.

scholarly journals Arbuscular Mycorrhizae of Phormium Tenax in a restored New Zealand wetland across hydrological gradients

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Alexandra Coles
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizae ◽  
Community Dynamics ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Native Woody Species ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Amf Communities ◽  
Generation Sequencing

<p>New Zealand has lost over 90% of its former wetlands and many that remain are in a degraded state. Restoration projects are often impeded by the failure of native plants to establish back into non-native dominated communities. Phormium tenax is fast growing and acts a nurse plant in wetlands, accelerating the establishment of slower growing native woody species. The roles of below ground organisms are increasingly recognised as affecting plant community dynamics, and this study investigates the diversity of a group of pervasive organisms, the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), growing in symbiosis with Phormium tenax. Next generation sequencing was used to create two libraries to determine the sensitivity of coding and non-coding molecular markers when characterising the AMF community associated with Phormium tenax.  AMF communities colonising individual plants were found to be diverse, and varied across restoration stages, but uncorrelated with soil moisture. The composition of of AMF communities changed seasonally and I observed more AMF hyphae and arbuscules in winter.</p>

scholarly journals Arbuscular Mycorrhizae of Phormium Tenax in a restored New Zealand wetland across hydrological gradients

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Alexandra Coles
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizae ◽  
Community Dynamics ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Native Woody Species ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Amf Communities ◽  
Generation Sequencing

<p>New Zealand has lost over 90% of its former wetlands and many that remain are in a degraded state. Restoration projects are often impeded by the failure of native plants to establish back into non-native dominated communities. Phormium tenax is fast growing and acts a nurse plant in wetlands, accelerating the establishment of slower growing native woody species. The roles of below ground organisms are increasingly recognised as affecting plant community dynamics, and this study investigates the diversity of a group of pervasive organisms, the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), growing in symbiosis with Phormium tenax. Next generation sequencing was used to create two libraries to determine the sensitivity of coding and non-coding molecular markers when characterising the AMF community associated with Phormium tenax.  AMF communities colonising individual plants were found to be diverse, and varied across restoration stages, but uncorrelated with soil moisture. The composition of of AMF communities changed seasonally and I observed more AMF hyphae and arbuscules in winter.</p>

scholarly journals Ecological Factors Preventing Restoration of Degraded Short Tussock Landscapes in New Zealand’s Dryland Zone

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna P. Rodrigues ◽  
Elena Moltchanova ◽  
David A. Norton ◽  
Matthew Turnbull
Keyword(s):  
Water Availability ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Biotic Factors ◽  
Introduced Herbivores ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Native Woody Species ◽  
Dryland Ecosystems ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Chemical Conditions

AbstractBiotic factors such as the presence of invasive animal and/or plant species are well known as major causes of ecological degradation and as limiting either natural or assisted (human-induced) ecological restoration. However, abiotic aspects of the landscape, such as water availability and soil physical/chemical conditions can also potentially limit restoration and should be considered. Dryland ecosystems are amongst the world’s most threatened and least protected. New Zealand’s drylands have been drastically changed, initially through burning, agricultural and grazing practices and the impacts of introduced herbivores and plants. This research aimed at identifying some of the key environmental factors preventing the reestablishment of native woody species in a New Zealand dryland ecosystem. The experiments involved a combination of shading, irrigation and grazing exclusion. The results showed that supplemental water was not beneficial for the survival and growth of the native seedlings, unless combined with shade. Fencing proved important for establishment, even though the species used are regarded in the literature as unpalatable to herbivores. The results indicated that the presence of shade was fundamental for the establishment and growth of the native seedlings likely due to improvements in the microclimate, soil aeration, and water availability to seedlings.

Mycorrhizal response and successional status in 80 woody species from south Brazil

2003 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Zangaro ◽  
S. M. A. Nisizaki ◽  
J. C. B. Domingos ◽  
E. M. Nakano
Keyword(s):  
Woody Species ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Pioneer Species ◽  
Climax Species ◽  
Native Woody Species ◽  
Successional Species ◽  
Mycorrhizal Response ◽  
South Brazil

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi colonization and response were studied in seedlings of 80 native woody species belonging to different successional groups from the Tibagi River Basin, Paraná State, south Brazil. This study includes data from 43 native woody species already published. The results with 80 species did not differ from the results of the 43 species. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse in plastic bags filled with a mix of subsoil (85%) and sand (15%), inoculated or not with spores of native AM fungi obtained from rhizosphere soil of different native tree species in an area with natural vegetation dominated by woody pioneer species. The successional groups were represented by 16 pioneer, 20 early secondary, 29 late-secondary and 15 climax species. The AM response and colonization in the greenhouse were 5.9 and 4.2 times greater in the early successional species than in the late-successional species, respectively. Seedlings of 49 woody species were collected in the interior under the canopy of the tropical forest of the Mata dos Godoy State Park and in a cleared area dominated by woody pioneer species. The percentage of AM colonization in the field was 54.9, 40.4, 7.2 and 3.1 for the pioneer, early secondary, late-secondary and climax species, respectively. The response to AM inoculation was strongly and directly related to AM colonization in the greenhouse and field and inversely related to seed weight. The AM colonization in the greenhouse was strongly and directly related to AM colonization in field. The late-successional species showed lower AM colonization and response than early successional species. The accentuated mycotrophism of the early successional species may be involved in their establishment, growth, survival and early forest structuring on low-fertility soils.

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