Soil Colour and Plant-Wax Markers: Application in Forensic Investigations under Urban Subtropical Environments

Most cases involving soil in criminal investigations in Brazil have focused on the chemical and mineralogical analyses of soil fractions without including the organic matter. The organic fraction contains plant-wax markers which may be useful to “fingerprint” forensic soils due to their chemical diversity, relative longevity and resistant nature. The aim of this study was to test the long- (kilometre), medium- (metre) and short- (centimetre) scale variability of plant-wax biomarkers in a forensic context in anthropised urban soils and soils developed under subtropical conditions. Two areas from the Curitiba municipality and two areas from the Colombo municipality, Paraná State, South Brazil, were selected. Soil colour analysis was carried out to obtain reflectance data over the 360–740 nm wavelength range. Furthermore, plant-wax marker compounds (n-alkanes and fatty-alcohols) were assessed by extraction and separation into different classes and an analysis of the compounds by gas chromatography (GC/MS). The compositions of the wax-marker profiles were different in samples collected side-by-side, showing sensitivity to local variations under subtropical conditions and in areas under intense human urban disturbance. Under these conditions, biomarkers may be used in real crime scenes, even on a micrometric scale of variation.

Contributing to the knowledge of Brazilian Sphingidae diversity: the first record of Adhemarius daphne daphne Boisduval, 1785 and Amphimoea walkeri Boisduval, 1785 in South Brazil

Three individuals (two males and one female) of Adhemarius daphne daphne Boisduval, 1785 and an exemplar of Amphimoea walkeri Boisduval, 1785, were caught in Maquiné and Cerro Largo municipalities, respectively, indicating the first occurrence of these two taxa in the Rio Grande do Sul state, South Brazil.

TEMPORAL CHANGES IN LENGTH-WEIGHT RELATIONSHIPS OF SCIAENIDAE (PISCES: TELEOSTEI) SPECIES IN SOUTH BRAZIL

This study reports the importance to evaluate the length-weight relationships (LWR) across the years. We evaluate the LWR for 8 Sciaenidae species of Paranaguá Estuarine Complex, South Brazil, sampled between 2016 and 2018 by bottom trawls similar to the used by artisanal fisheries in this region. There were differences between growth type among the years for 5 species, and all species showed differences in the slope of LWR in at least one year. These results show the importance of fauna and fisheries monitoring programs to better evaluate the population dynamics and fisheries stocks. Keywords: estuarine fish, fisheries biology, marine fish, sciaenid, weight-length relationship

The impact of climate suitability, urbanisation, and connectivity on the expansion of dengue in 21st century Brazil

Dengue is hyperendemic in Brazil, with outbreaks affecting all regions. Previous studies identified geographical barriers to dengue transmission in Brazil, beyond which certain areas, such as South Brazil and the Amazon rainforest, were relatively protected from outbreaks. Recent data shows these barriers are being eroded. In this study, we explore the drivers of this expansion and identify the current limits to the dengue transmission zone. We used a spatio-temporal additive model to explore the associations between dengue outbreaks and temperature suitability, urbanisation, and connectivity to the Brazilian urban network. The model was applied to a binary outbreak indicator, assuming the official threshold value of 300 cases per 100,000 residents, for Brazil’s municipalities between 2001 and 2020. We found a nonlinear relationship between higher levels of connectivity to the Brazilian urban network and the odds of an outbreak, with lower odds in metropoles compared to regional capitals. The number of months per year with suitable temperature conditions for Aedes mosquitoes was positively associated with the dengue outbreak occurrence. Temperature suitability explained most interannual and spatial variation in South Brazil, confirming this geographical barrier is influenced by lower seasonal temperatures. Municipalities that had experienced an outbreak previously had double the odds of subsequent outbreaks. We identified geographical barriers to dengue transmission in South Brazil, western Amazon, and along the northern coast of Brazil. Although a southern barrier still exists, it has shifted south, and the Amazon no longer has a clear boundary. Few areas of Brazil remain protected from dengue outbreaks. Communities living on the edge of previous barriers are particularly susceptible to future outbreaks as they lack immunity. Control strategies should target regions at risk of future outbreaks as well as those currently within the dengue transmission zone.

PORTO ALEGRE SUSTAINABLE INNOVATION ZONE – THE STRATEGY OF SMART CITY DEVELOPMENT AS EXEMPLIFIED BY THE BRAZILIAN CITY IN RELATION TO POZNAŃ (POLAND)

Porto Alegre, a city in south Brazil, was a pioneer in participatory budgeting in the 1990s, and a decade later it hosted the World Social Forum. These days Porto Alegre is the first place in the world with a Sustainable Innovation Zone. The goal of this endeavour is to transform the city into the most innovative and sustainable city in Latin America by 2030. In the article, the author examines the projects completed to date and the entities involved. Then, the author compares the experiences of Porto Alegre and Poznań.

Helminth infection and human mobility in sambaquis: Paleoparasitological, paleogenetic, and microremains investigations in Jabuticabeira II, Brazil (2890 ± 55 to 1805 ± 65 BP)

Sambaquis or shellmounds are archeological sites constructed by hunter-fisher-gatherers that inhabited the Brazilian coast about 10,000–2000 yrs BP. Jabuticabeira II (JABII: 2890 ± 55 to 1805 ± 65 BP) is one of dozens of contemporaneous sambaquis of the Santa Catarina state, South Brazil, and contains hundreds of neatly organized burials, indicating great population density. In order to gather information about the health, diet and way of life of people in JABII, a paleoparasitological, paleogenetic, and micro-human remains investigation was carried out. Pelvic region and environmental control samples from six individuals exhumed from JABII were submitted to microscopic and ancient DNA (aDNA) investigation. Paleoparasitological analyses based on light microscopy were negative. However, a variety of informative microremains were found. Diatoms, fish scales, and algae characterize the marine and estuarine environment. Ipomoea batatas and Zea mays starch grains suggested cultivated items as part of their diet in agreement with the literature. The finding of Podocarpus sp. pollen grain, characteristic of highlander vegetation, suggests human mobility of JABII individuals which were settlement in the coast. Paleogenetic analyses showed Ascaris sp. helminth infection based on nad1 gene fragment detected from an individual excavated at L3 FS7 burial (1826 ± 40 BP). This aDNA result places the antiquity of Ascaris sp. infection, and haplotypes that are circulating in humans and other animals nowadays, in Pre-Columbian South American times.

Evolutionary dynamics of HIV-1 subtype C in Brazil

The extensive genetic diversity of HIV-1 is a major challenge for the prevention and treatment of HIV-1 infections. Subtype C accounts for most of the HIV-1 infections in the world but has been mainly localized in Southern Africa, Ethiopia and India. For elusive reasons, South Brazil harbors the largest HIV-1 subtype C epidemic in the American continent that is elsewhere dominated by subtype B. To investigate this topic, we collected clinical data and viral sequences from 2611 treatment-naïve patients diagnosed with HIV-1 in Brazil. Molecular epidemiology analysis supported 35 well-delimited transmission clusters of subtype C highlighting transmission within South Brazil but also from the South to all other Brazilian regions and internationally. Individuals infected with subtype C had lower probability to be deficient in CD4+ T cells when compared to subtype B. The HIV-1 epidemics in the South was characterized by high female-to-male infection ratios and women-to-child transmission. Our results suggest that HIV-1 subtype C probably takes advantage of longer asymptomatic periods to maximize transmission and is unlikely to outcompete subtype B in settings where the infection of women is relatively less relevant. This study contributes to elucidate factors possibly underlying the geographical distribution and expansion patterns of the most spread HIV-1 subtypes.

Abnormal tooth and home range size of a male tayra (Eira barbara) in Atlantic Rain Forest, South Brazil

El estudio de anormalidades dentales en mustélidos ha permitido identificar y describir patologías de especímenes distribuidos en diferentes hábitats y continentes. Estos análisis han sido implementados en cráneos de animales muertos. A través de un monitoreo no invasivo, se detectó a un mustélido neotropical in situ con una anormalidad dental, esa característica fue aprovechada para obtener información ecológica de la especie. Se analizaron registros de cámara trampa de un cabeza de viejo (Eira barbara) en vida libre en el sur de Brasil, el cual presentaba un canino superior izquierdo sobre-desarrollado, esta característica permitió identificarlo individualmente y recapturarlo. Mediante la estimación de densidad de Kernel se calculó el tamaño de su ámbito hogareño. Se revisaron cráneos de la especie en busca de anormalidades dentales. El espécimen fue recapturado en 5 estaciones de foto-muestreo dentro del Floresta Nacional de São Francisco de Paula (FLONA-SFP) en 11 ocasiones diferentes, durante un periodo de 7 meses (Marzo a Septiembre de 2012), el tamaño de su ámbito hogareño fue de 4.79 km2. Se encontraron diferencias en la cantidad de molares en dos mandíbulas de los cinco cráneos revisados. Aparentemente el canino anormal no ha interferido en la alimentación del espécimen, ya que ha alcanzado la adultez. El cabeza de viejo podría ocupar un área fuera de nuestro polígono de estudio dentro de la FLONA-SFP, por lo cual el tamaño de su ámbito hogareño podría ser más grande de lo que se reporta.