scholarly journals Convergent evolution of seasonal camouflage in response to reduced snow cover across the snowshoe hare range*

Evolution ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 74 (9) ◽  
pp. 2033-2045 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew R. Jones ◽  
L. Scott Mills ◽  
Jeffrey D. Jensen ◽  
Jeffrey M. Good
Keyword(s):  
Snow Cover ◽  
Convergent Evolution ◽  
Snowshoe Hare

scholarly journals Convergent evolution of seasonal camouflage in response to reduced snow cover across the snowshoe hare range

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew R. Jones ◽  
L. Scott Mills ◽  
Jeffrey D. Jensen ◽  
Jeffrey M. Good
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Snow Cover ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Deep Structure ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Masking Effect ◽  
Snowshoe Hare ◽  
Changing Environments ◽  
Range Edge ◽  
History Of

AbstractDetermining how different populations adapt to similar environments is fundamental to understanding the limits of adaptation under changing environments. Snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) typically molt into white winter coats to remain camouflaged against snow. In some warmer climates, hares have evolved brown winter camouflage – an adaptation that may spread under climate change. We used extensive range-wide genomic data to 1) resolve broad-scale patterns of population structure and gene flow and 2) investigate the factors shaping the origins and distribution of winter-brown camouflage variation. In coastal Pacific Northwest (PNW) populations, winter-brown camouflage is known to be determined by a recessive haplotype at the Agouti pigmentation gene. Our phylogeographic analyses revealed deep structure and limited gene flow between PNW and more northern Boreal populations, where winter-brown camouflage is rare along the range edge. Genome sequencing of a winter-brown snowshoe hare from Alaska shows that it lacks the winter-brown PNW haplotype, reflecting a history of convergent phenotypic evolution. However, the PNW haplotype does occur at low frequency in a winter-white population from Montana, consistent with the spread of a locally deleterious recessive variant that is masked from selection when rare. Simulations show that if annual snow cover dramatically declined in the same population, then the predicted selective increase in frequency of the now beneficial winter-brown Agouti allele is likely to be extremely slow due to the same masking effect. Our findings underscore how allelic dominance can shape the geographic extent and rate of convergent adaptation in response to rapidly changing environments.

Extensive forests and persistent snow cover promote snowshoe hare occupancy in Wisconsin

2016 ◽  
Vol 80 (5) ◽  
pp. 894-905 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean M. Sultaire ◽  
Jonathan N. Pauli ◽  
Karl J. Martin ◽  
Michael W. Meyer ◽  
Benjamin Zuckerberg
Keyword(s):  
Snow Cover ◽  
Snowshoe Hare

Winter habitat use and responses to snow cover of fisher (Martes pennanti) and marten (Martes americana) in southeastern Manitoba

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Raine
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Use ◽  
Snow Cover ◽  
Martes Americana ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Snowshoe Hare ◽  
Martes Pennanti ◽  
Equal Frequency ◽  
Winter Habitat ◽  
Body Drag

A trailing study of fisher (Martes pennanti) and marten (Martes americana) in the boreal forest of Manitoba, conducted over two winters, showed that both species preferred coniferous ridges. They also had temporal differences in their habitat use that could be partially explained by their different responses to soft snow cover. Movements of fisher were found to be restricted by the soft, thick snow cover that was present during midwinter. Fewer tracks were observed at that time, and fisher travelled upon snowshoe hare trails and their own trails more than in either the early winter period of thin snow cover or the late winter period of crust conditions. Fisher were also found to walk through the snow cover and leave a body drag in midwinter. Marten did not appear to be hindered by soft snow cover to the degree that fisher were. Marten tracks were encountered with equal frequency throughout the winter and marten never left a body drag in the snow cover. They did travel upon hare trails and their own trails to a greater extent in midwinter, but never as much as did fisher.

ЭКОЛОГО-ГЕОХИМИЧЕСКОЕ РАЙОНИРОВАНИЕ ТЕРРИТОРИИГ. БИРОБИДЖАНА ПО УРОВНЮ ЗАГРЯЗНЕНИЯ СНЕЖНОГО ПОКРОВА

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.B. Kalmanova
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Snow Cover ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Constructive Method ◽  
Comparative Characteristic ◽  
Ecological State ◽  
Sources Of Pollution ◽  
Mobile Sources ◽  
Arcview Gis ◽  
Very High

В статье представлены результаты исследования экологогеохимического состояния снежного покрова как индикатора качества атмосферного воздуха г. Биробиджана. Выявлены основные природные и антропогенные факторы, предопределяющие экологическое состояние городской территории в зимний период (климатические, планировочная структура, стационарные и мобильные источники загрязнения). Определено, что выбросы основных загрязнителей во время отопительного сезона превышает летний в 6,5 раз. Проведены геохимические исследования снежного покрова на 60 экспериментальных площадках, заложенных в различных функциональных зонах города. Выявлено значительное превышение тяжелых металлов над фоновым уровнем: железа до 60, марганца до 50, меди до 40, цинка до 20, никеля до 12, свинца до 10, кобальта до 6 раз. С 2003 по 2018 годы содержание химических элементов в снеге увеличилось в 2 раза за счет мобильных источников загрязнения, ТЭЦ, котельных. Проведена сравнительная характеристика накопления тяжелых металлов в снеге за 2003 и 2018 годы и установлен ранжированный ряд загрязняющих токсичных веществ. Разработана шкала оценки загрязнения депонирующих сред по суммарному показателю концентрации тяжелых металлов, согласно которой в Биробиджане выявлено 5 уровней загрязнения снежного покрова. В целом экологическое состояние урбанизированной территории признано неудовлетворительным (8 площади территории относится к очень высокому, 14 к высокому, 21 к выше среднему, 27 к среднему уровням загрязнения, 30 к относительно чистым районам города). По полученным результатам разработана карта в программе ArcView GIS Экологогеохимическое районирование территории г. Биробиджана по уровню загрязнения снежного покрова с выделением наиболее загрязненных участков (70 от общей площади города является загрязненной). По результатам проведенных исследований предложены конструктивные методы планирования урбанизированной территории с целью улучшения ее экологического состояния: проведение геомониторинга (контроль загрязнения снежного покрова и своевременный его вывоз на специально оборудованные полигоны). Snow cover is taken as an indicator of air quality using Birobidzhan, a middlesize city in the Russian Far East, as a case study. The main natural and manmade determinants influencing the ecological state of the urban area in winter are identified: climate, a planning structure, and the stationary and mobile sources of pollution. During the heating season the emission of major pollutants exceeds the summer level by 6.5 times. The geochemical study of snow cover was performed at 60 experimental sites in different functional urban areas. A significant excess of heavy metals over the regional background level was revealed: iron up to 60 times, manganese up to 50, copper up to 40, zinc up to 20 , nickel up to 12, lead up to 10, cobalt up to 6 times. From 2003 to 2018 the content of chemical elements in snow increased in 2 times due to the mobile sources of pollution, thermal power plants, and boilers. The comparative characteristic of accumulation of heavy metals in snow for 2003 and 2018 is carried out, and the ranked number of polluting toxic substances is established. The scale of pollution assessment in depositing environments was developed using the cumulative indicator of heavy metal concentration. Five levels of snow cover pollution are found in Birobidzhan: low, moderate, above moderate, high and very high. As a whole, the ecological state of the urban area is considered as unsatisfactory (8 of the area with a very high level of pollution, 14 with high, 21 above moderate, 27 a moderate level of pollution, 30 a relatively clean area). According to the results, a map was developed in the ArcView GIS program Ecological and geochemical zoning of Birobidzhan, using the level of the snow cover pollution with the allocation of the most polluted areas (70 of the total area of the city is polluted). According to the results, a constructive method of planning in an urban area is proposed in order to improve its environmental condition: geomonitoring as a control of pollution in snow cover and its prompt removal to specially equipped landfills.

Peculiarities of snow cover observations with the side-looking radar of the «Sich-1» satellite

1998 ◽  
Vol 4 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 27-33
Author(s):  
V.B. Efimov ◽  
I.A. Kalmykov ◽  
S.E. Yatsevich
Keyword(s):  
Snow Cover ◽  
Side Looking Radar
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